Chemoreflex control as the cornerstone in immersion water sports: possible role on breath-hold
Fecha
2022Autor
Versión
Acceso abierto / Sarbide irekia
Tipo
Artículo / Artikulua
Versión
Versión publicada / Argitaratu den bertsioa
Identificador del proyecto
Impacto
|
10.3389/fphys.2022.894921
Resumen
Immersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically
adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation.
Breath-holding (i.e., apnea) is common in water sports, and it involves a decrease and
increases PaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, as the primary signals that trigger the end of
apnea. The principal physiological O2 sensors a ...
[++]
Immersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically
adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation.
Breath-holding (i.e., apnea) is common in water sports, and it involves a decrease and
increases PaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, as the primary signals that trigger the end of
apnea. The principal physiological O2 sensors are the carotid bodies, which are able to
detect arterial gases and metabolic alterations before reaching the brain, which aids in
adjusting the cardiorespiratory system. Moreover, the principal H+/CO2 sensor is the
retrotrapezoid nucleus, which is located at the brainstem level; this mechanism contributes
to detecting respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Although these sensors have been
characterized in pathophysiological states, current evidence shows a possible role for
these mechanisms as physiological sensors during voluntary apnea. Divers and swimmer
athletes have been found to displayed longer apnea times than land sports athletes, as well
as decreased peripheral O2 and central CO2 chemoreflex control. However, although
chemosensitivity at rest could be decreased, we recently found marked
sympathoexcitation during maximum voluntary apnea in young swimmers, which could
activate the spleen (which is a reservoir organ for oxygenated blood). Therefore, it is
possible that the chemoreflex, autonomic function, and storage/delivery oxygen organ(s)
are linked to apnea in immersion water sports. In this review, we summarized the available
evidence related to chemoreflex control in immersion water sports. Subsequently, we
propose a possible physiological mechanistic model that could contribute to providing
new avenues for understanding the respiratory physiology of water sports. [--]
Materias
Water sports,
Peripheral chemoreflex,
Central chemoreflex,
Autonomic nervous system,
Apnea
Publicado en
Frontiers in Physiology, 2022, 13 (894921)
Departamento
Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud /
Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Osasun Zientziak Saila
Versión del editor
Entidades Financiadoras
This study was supported by Minera Escondida Ltda. MEL2203; the Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), through Fondecyt de Iniciación #11220870 and Anillo ACT210083. MI was funded in part by grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Ministerio
de Ciencia e Innovación (PID 2020-113098RB-I00).