Documentos de trabajo DE - ES Lan Gaiak

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Open Access
Addressing oil spills and agricultural productivity. Evidence of pollution in Nigeria
(2021) Manotas Hidalgo, Beatriz; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía
This paper examines how the pollution generated by oil operations in Nigeria can affect agricultural total factor productivity. I analyze oil spills, which are the main ecological disaster in Nigeria and lead to major environmental, economic, and social problems. Following a consumer-producer household framework, and applying a difference-and-difference approach, I estimate an agricultural production function. I find that farmers located less than 10 kilometers from oil spills suffer a relative reduction in agricultural output of around 2.73%. I also examine alternative mechanisms and find that oil-spill pollution can explain my results. I detect less owner-occupied land and a drop in labor income in urban areas close to oil spills, which could also be explained by a decrease in the labor productivity component. This study highlights an externality through which the oil industry affects living conditions in rural areas and stresses the importance of clean-up in areas close to oil spills.
Open Access
The adoption and adaptation of externally originated ideas
(1998) Pérez Sebastián, Fidel; Economía; Ekonomia
This is a vintage–capital model of technology adoption that takes seriously the fact that new inventions are specific to the environment in which they emerge. The key feature of the model is that the firm can invest resources in R&D to adapt externally originated ideas to the environment in which they are used. We show that because of the possibility of investing in R&D, differences between the inventor's and user's environments can explain why some firms invest in old techniques. Several predictions of the model are consistent with observation.
Open Access
Un análisis cuantitativo de los ingresos presupuestarios
(2006) Hernández Moyés, Aurelia; Economía; Ekonomia
En este artículo tratamos de analizar con una visión de largo plazo la evolución de los ingresos impositivo en el periodo franquista. Para eso se han recopilado series de ingresos impositivos de todas las fuentes primarias existentes y disponibles. Se ha comprobado cómo el uso de distintas series con distinta media y varianza comporta diferentes resultados a la hora de valorar los cambios de nomenclatura y de concepto mencionados, y cómo esa diferente valoración puede afectar a la hora de juzgar los comportamientos económicos. Con esta información se han estudiado las series tanto en niveles como en tasas de variación. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el déficit presupuestario, muy presente a lo largo de estos años, ocurría no sólo porque los ingresos no igualaban a los gastos, sino que eso era así a pesar de que la recaudación por ingresos era incluso mayor que lo presupuestado. La mejora de las cantidades recaudadas sobre las presupuestadas, inesperada o no, pudo inducir a la infravaloración de la zozobrante situación financiera de la Hacienda deficitaria, contribuyendo así a plantear como posible la concesión de prebendas fiscales, hipotecando para el futuro esa recaudación, disminuyendo su tasa de crecimiento en el largo plazo y desaprovechando el potencial del crecimiento económico español.
Open Access
Análisis de la eficiencia técnica de las explotaciones lecheras
(1998) Iraizoz Apezteguia, Belén; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Zabaleta Arregui, Idoia; Economía; Ekonomia
El objetivo de este documento de trabajo es estimar y analizar la eficiencia técnica de un conjunto de explotaciones lecheras en una de las zonas prepirenáica de la Pení’nsula Ibérica. El método de análisis consiste en la estimación de funciones de producción frontera, una paramétrica y otra no paramétrica. A partir de las mismas se obtendrán dos medidas de la eficiencia técnica individual de cada explotación, lo que nos permitirá contrastar si la medida de la eficiencia técnica depende del método empleado en su estimación. Los datos utilizados provienen de la Red Contable Agraria de Navarra y están referidos al año 1994.
Open Access
Análisis de la eficiencia técnica en explotaciones hortícolas
(1998) Iraizoz Apezteguia, Belén; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Zabaleta Arregui, Idoia; Economía; Ekonomia
La producción de hortalizas en Navarra es una actividad agraria de cierta importancia. En el contexto regional y para el año 1994 representa el 34% de la Producción Final Agír’cola y el 17% de su Producción Final Agraria, ocupando el 4,53% de las hectáreas cultivadas en la Comunidad. En este trabajo, nos vamos a centrar en la medición de la eficiencia técnica en la producción de las dos hortalizas más importantes, a saber: espárrago y tomate. La tendencia reciente de ambas es dispar. El cultivo del espárrago está registrando un notable descenso durante los años noventa, el 57% entre 1990 y 1996. Se trata de una situación que está empezando a preocupar a los responsables de la pol’ítica agraria regional. Por su parte, el tomate ha visto incrementado su cultivo en un 34%. En todo caso, ambos cultivos tienen unas perspectivas no muy halagŸüeñas después de la reforma de la Organización Común del Mercado de Frutas y Hortalizas y de los Acuerdos de la Ronda Uruguay, en fase de aplicación. En el trabajo se recoge en primer lugar la descripción de los métodos utilizados, a continuación se describen los datos, se presentan los resultados de las estimaciones por los dos métodos utilizados, se analizan los elementos explicativos de la eficiencia, se contrasta la relación existente entre eficiencia y costes unitarios y por último se extraen algunas conclusiones.
Open Access
Una aplicación de la TION98 como instrumento de análisis y simulación
(2002) Montávez Garcés, María Dolores; Economía; Ekonomia
Este trabajo presenta un análisis desagregado sectorialmente de la economía navarra y de las relaciones tanto internas como externas que se llevan a cabo en la actividad económica con el objetivo de conocer más a fondo la estructura de la economía regional y las interrelaciones que se producen dentro y fuera de la misma. El objetivo es aplicar las posibilidades que la metodología input-output ofrece para el análisis de los impactos de las diferentes políticas económicas de la economía navarra aprovechando que la información de las tablas permite analizar estructuralmente una economía caracterizando sus rasgos principales de sus ramas de actividad, determinando las relaciones intersectoriales y los sectores clave, el impacto de distintas medidas de política económica, la influencia de los precios, o la respuesta de la actividad productiva a distintas perturbaciones de la demanda. La principal aportación de este trabajo es la aplicación de la metodología input-output en el análisis de los impactos de las diferentes políticas económicas o shocks externos en un ámbito de análisis regional, y la cuantificación de sus consecuencias tanto en términos de producción como de precios.
Open Access
Asymmetry in the EMS: new evidence based on non-linear forecasts
(2000) Bajo Rubio, Óscar; Sosvilla Rivero, Simón; Fernández Rodríguez, Fernando; Economía; Ekonomia
In this paper we provide new evidence on the hypothesis of German leadership and asymmetric performance in the EMS, in the framework of causality tests, using daily data. Given the evidence about non-linearity in financial series, we propose applying non-linear forecasting methods based on the literature on complex dynamic systems. Our analysis covers nine countries, and the sample period runs until 30 April 1998, so including the more recent events in the EMS history. A comparison of our results with those obtained from standard linear econometric techniques leads us to conclude that inference on causality based on our non-linear predictors would be preferable to that based on the standard linear approach.
Open Access
Attitudes towards blood and living organ donations
(2010) Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Errea Rodríguez, María; Economía; Ekonomia
We model the decision of whether or not to become a blood/living organ donor. The expected utility for becoming a donor is a function of the degree of altruism, the consumption of goods, the costs of donation, the very pleasure of giving, and the recipient’s utility associated to donation. Empirically, we observe differences in the expected costs and benefits from donation between blood and non-blood donors, and between individuals with different willingness to donate living organs. Looking at benefits/costs of donation through reasons for donating/not donating, we conclude policies to encourage donation should focus on raising awareness and provide information.
Open Access
A betting market: Description and a theoretical explanation of bets in pelota matches
(2006) Llorente Erviti, Loreto; Aizpurua Agirre, José María; Economía; Ekonomia
In pelota matches, bets are made between viewers through a middleman who receives 16% of the finally paid amount. In this paper a description of the way bets are made and an explanation of the existence of those markets is presented. Taking betting markets as a simplified analogy for financial markets we have searched for the explanation in a world where both sides of the market are not different in believes and preferences. Taking observations from actually made bets a preliminary analysis about the biases of those markets is presented.
Open Access
Blowing the whistle
(2003) Apesteguía Garcés, José; Dufwenberg, Martin; Selten, Reinhard; Economía; Ekonomia
Leniency clauses, offering cartelists legal immunity if they blow the whistle on each other, is a recent anti-trust innovation. The authorities wish to thwart cartels and promote competition. This effect is not evident, however; whistle-blowing may enforce trust and collusion by providing a tool for cartelists to punish each other. We examine the impact of leniency law, and other rules, theoretically and experimentally.
Open Access
Business cycle and monetary policy analysis in a structural sticky price model of the euro area
(2001) Casares Polo, Miguel; Economía; Ekonomia
Structural models are a powerful tool for business cycle and monetary policy analysis because they are assumed to be invariant to either policy changes or external shocks. In this paper, we derive a neoclassical monetary model in which both the demand and supply side are structural in the sense that the behavioral equations obtained are rigorously calculated from optimizing decisions of the individuals. Moreover, we introduce price stickiness on the supply side decisions so as to have relevant short-run real effects of monetary policy through the real interest rate channel. The resulting medium-size model will be calibrated and estimated for the euro area economies. As two examples of the applications of the model for the euro area, some simulations on business cycle and monetary policy analysis will be carried out.
Open Access
Business cycle and monetary policy analysis with market rigidities and financial frictions
(2013) Casares Polo, Miguel; Deidda, Luca; Galdón Sánchez, José Enrique; Economía; Ekonomia
We describe a dynamic macroeconomic model that incorporates firm-level borrowing constraints, competitive CES loan production, and rigidities on both setting prices and wages. The external finance premium (interest-rate spread) is countercyclical with technology and financial shocks, and procyclical with consumption spending shocks. The real effects of financial shocks are significantly amplified when either considering greater rigidities for price/wage setting or a low elasticity of substitution in loan production (banking real rigidities). In the monetary policy analysis, a stabilizing Taylor (1983)-style rule performs slightly better when incorporating a positive and small response coefficient to the external finance premium.
Open Access
Business dynamism and economic growth: U.S. regional evidence
(2016) Casares Polo, Miguel; Khan, Hashmat; Economía; Ekonomia
We document empirical evidence on the determinants of U.S. regional growth over the last 25 years, with a special attention to the role of entrepreneurial activity or `business dynamism'. The main data source is the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) released by the U.S. Census Bureau. The key findings are: i) business entry and exit rates are similarly distributed across states, ii) neither entry nor exit rates have had a significant impact on regional growth, iii) higher business density results in faster regional growth, iv) entry rates have fallen over time and the states with greater business detrending have had weaker economic growth, v) states where entry and exit show substantial comovement (business churning) tend to grow faster, especially after 2007, vi) state-level population growth has no substantial effect on regional growth, and vii) the convergence hypothesis holds across the states of the U.S.
Open Access
Claim problems and egalitarian criteria
(2010) Arin, Javier; Benito Ostolaza, Juan Miguel; Economía; Ekonomia
The paper presents a unified framework where claim and cost sharing problems are jointly analyzed. Both problems have the following common characteristic: given a proposal the agents valuate the suitability of the proposal in two ways, checking how much they loss and how much they gain. Taking this into account, we construct the vector of awards and losses for any proposal and we use different egalitarian criteria to select among these vectors. We use the Lorenz, the Least Square and the lexicographic criteria and we analyze the solutions arising from the application of these criteria in the sets of vectors of awards-losses. In particular, we characterize the members of two families of solutions: the family of Weighted Least Square Solutions and the family of Imputation Selector Weighted Least Square Solutions. The second family includes between its members well-known solutions as Constrained Equal Awards and Constrained Equal Losses solutions.
Open Access
Comparing the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L between mental and somatic chronic patients populations
(2013) Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Errea Rodríguez, María; Hernández Arenaz, Íñigo; Economía; Ekonomia
The validity and reliability of the EQ-5D-5L in comparison with the standard 3L has been tested through the analysis of psychometric properties making use of different samples of patients. However, it is likely that the condition of the illness may affect the power of the 5L version with respect to the 3L one. Here we report on parallel testing of EQ-5D-5L and 3L administered to a sample of chronic patients of both somatic and mental illness. The aim of this study is to check some psychometric properties in both subsamples. Methods: We check for the usual psychometric properties: feasibility, (in)consistency, ordinality (and transitivity), informativity, face validity and convergent validity. Also, we perform new analysis for checking transitivity and the Cronbach-? for convergent validity. Finally, we proposed a complementary way for looking at the property of informativity through three different indexes (effective, absolute and overall) based on the statistical discriminatory power. Data: We have a total of 1002 questionnaires finally collected. 444 (46.25%) chronic mental patients, 516 (53.75%) have somatic chronic illnesses; 42 observations of unknown origin of the illness have been dropped to perform this analysis. Results: The mean value reported in the VAS for the full sample is 60.93. Somatic patients report a mean of 64.42 points in this scale and mental patients report 56.83 points in the VAS. Analyzing the distribution of the responses to problems on each dimension we found, for all cases, a highly skewed distribution. Moreover, the distribution of responses changes significantly between subsamples, as expected. In all dimensions, it seems that somatic patients take more advantage of the extra levels introduced by the EQ-5D-5L. This group reduces to a greater extent the missing response rate, commit less (and of lower importance) inconsistencies, get a higher correlation of the 5L scale and the VAS within the 3L levels, complements better the dimensions to get an overall score (measured through the Cronbach’s alpha), reduces in a more significant way the “no problem” response and the Informativity gain is also superior (for both the Shannon Evenness Index and our Absolute Index). This higher performance of the EQ-5D-5L on somatic patients is endorsed by a higher preference of somatic patients toward the 5L version of the questionnaire than to the 3L one. Conclusion: Results show the suitability of the 5L version in both subsamples, but it is much more effective for somatic patients. These subsamples’ differences may be of concern when aggregating and comparing different data.
Open Access
La competitividad externa de las manufacturas españolas: un análisis dinámico para el periodo 1973-1993
(2000) Barcenilla Visús, Sara; Montávez Garcés, María Dolores; Economía; Ekonomia
El presente estudio lleva a cabo un análisis de los factores determinantes de la competitividad comercial de los sectores industriales españoles durante el período de tiempo 1973-1993, con respecto a sus principales competidores, los países integrantes de la UE, desde una perspectiva dinámica. Para ello, se estima un modelo representativo de la dinámica competitiva de los sectores industriales, utilizando técnicas de estimación de panel dinámico. A su vez, se llevará a cabo un estudio desagregado por sectores con el fin de detectar la existencia de posibles asimetrías en el comportamiento de la competitividad comercial de los distintos tipos de sectores de la industria española.
Open Access
Contracting arrangements in the health strategy contex. A regional approach for Spain
(2000) Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Gaminde, Idoia; Gabilondo, Luis; Economía; Ekonomia
Background. Several different proposals have been made recently to reform the organisation, financing and management of the health care system in Spain. The aim is to obtain improved efficiency, without prejudicing the equity level already achieved, by creating a more competitive framework. However, current health strategies seem not to be in accord with these proposals. This paper approaches the issue of matching these two main components of the health systems, health strategy and contracts, and emphasises the need to develop contracting arrangements within the general health policy framework. Design: Case studies, analysis of published and unpublished documents, and semi-structured interviews with key informants. Results and discussion. A review of regional health strategies and regional contracts developed in the 1990s is presented, followed by an analysis of the degree of incoherence between them. Then we discuss whether the programme contract can be an instrument guided by the health plan, commenting on its potential and limitations. Conclusion. The relationship between health strategy and health care management is practically non-existent in Spain. The need to insert the contract cycle within the broader framework of the planning cycle has led to proposals to adapt contracts and health plans to guarantee their coherence. This will require changes in the structure of both of these instruments and, probably, deeper structural modifications of the context within which both have been developed. To this aim, we make some recommendations for policy making.
Open Access
Convergencia y cambio estructural en la Unión Europea
(2001) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia
Este trabajo estudia el papel desempeñado por el cambio estructural en el proceso de convergencia en productividad experimentado por las regiones europeas entre 1977 y 1990. Para ello se va a proceder a la estimación de ecuaciones de convergencia con datos regionales de sección cruzada considerando diferentes variables explicativas. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren la existencia de patrones de crecimiento de carácter mixto. Es decir, pueden existir mecanismos que favorezcan la convergencia en productividad de acuerdo con el modelo neoclásico. Sin embargo, paralelamente, el cambio estructural aparece como un factor explicativo importante en dicho proceso.
Open Access
La coordinación internacional de la política monetaria en presencia de perturbaciones simétricas: ¿resulta beneficioso cooperar?
(1998) Díaz Roldán, Carmen; Economía; Ekonomia
En este trabajo se examinan las posibilidades de la coordinación internacional de las políticas monetarias como respuesta a perturbaciones simétricas. Los resultados muestran, como cabía esperar, que la coordinación siempre resulta beneficiosa para hacer frente a perturbaciones monetarias. Sin embargo, no es siempre la mejor respuesta ante perturbaciones de carácter real pues la coordinación resulta ser contraproducente cuando la oferta agregada es relativamente rígida. Por último, cuando se trata de corregir perturbaciones de oferta los beneficios de la coordinación resultan evidentes ya que se minimizan los costes de aplicar una política económica no adecuada. En definitiva, las ventajas de la coordinación monetaria aparecerían más claras en el caso en que predominasen las perturbaciones monetarias y de oferta.
Open Access
Coordination of fiscal policies in a monetary union
(2000) Díaz Roldán, Carmen; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper examines how the member countries of a monetary union react to country-specific shocks and to shocks from the rest of the world, when the budget deficit is the only policy instrument available. We develop a three-country model in which countries show different preferences regarding objectives, and face asymmetric disturbances. Two of the countries form a monetary union where an independent central bank controls monetary policy, and fiscal policy is determined by fiscal authorities at the national level. In this framework, we analyse in strategic terms how authorities can deal with monetary, real and supply shocks using fiscal policy with stabilizing purposes. Finally, we discuss the welfare aspects of the optimal solution and the extent to which a coordinated fiscal policy may influence the performance and evolution of the monetary union.