Open Access
Volatile compounds, odour and flavour attributes of lamb meat from the navarra breed as affected by ageing
(MDPI, 2021) Insausti Barrenetxea, Kizkitza; Urrutia Vera, Olaia; Mendizábal Aizpuru, José Antonio; Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Colle, Michael J.; Bass, Phillip D.; Arana Navarro, Ana; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
This study aimed to assess the influence of ageing on the volatile compounds, as well as odour and flavour attributes of lamb meat from the Navarra breed. Twenty-one male lambs were fed a commercial concentrate diet after weaning and were harvested at 101 ± 6.5 days of age. From the Longissimus thoracis, 26 volatile compounds were identified, with hexanal, 2-propanone, and nonanal the most abundant (57.17% relative percentage abundance, RPA). The effect of ageing (1 vs. 4 d) was observed (p < 0.05) in six compounds: 1,4-dimethylbenzene decreased with ageing, while tridecane, 3-methylbutanal, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, and 1-octen-3-ol increased. In general, ageing was linked to a decrease in livery and bloody flavour, bloody odour and ethanal, and an increase in pentane, hexanal, and heptanal, which are usually associated with fresh green grass and fat descriptors. Consequently, ageing lamb from the Navarra breed for four days might have a positive effect on meat sensory odour and flavour quality.
Open Access
Raw-cured Spanish traditional meat product 'Chistorra de Navarra': sensory and composition quality standards
(MDPI, 2020) Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Insausti Barrenetxea, Kizkitza; Sarriés Martínez, María Victoria; Gómez Bastida, Inmaculada; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
The aim of this work was to set the quality standards of the chistorra de Navarra, a raw-cured Spanish traditional meat product, through the study of its sensory and physicochemical features. The quality of chistorra samples, coming from 50 different artisan producers, were assessed during three sessions by expert assessors (n = 15). In the first session, instrumental colour (L*a*and b*) and appearance and odour parameters were evaluated in the raw products. In the second session, texture and flavour attributes were determined in cooked products. Finally, in the third session, the best 10 classified chistorras from the first and second sessions were sensorially evaluated and sampled for further analysis: texture (Warner Bratzler and texture profile analysis (TPA)), chemical composition, and fatty acid profile. The chistorras with the highest sensory scores had high shear force values, flavour intensity, and fat/hydroxyproline ratio. The average fatty acid profile obtained for chistorra de Navarra was: 42% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 45% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was similar to the one found in other raw-cured sausages. Considering the sensory evaluation, chistorra was defined as a product with an intense orange colour, and with high resistance value in the initial bite. It was also characterised by a high juiciness and tenderness, aroma, and meat flavour. In mouth, the pork fat, one of the ingredients of chistorra, was balanced without any of the ingredients dominating. Chemically, the chistorra was characterised by a fat content close to 67% (dry matter), low hydroxyproline occurrence (≤0.6), and protein amount ranging 18 38%.
Open Access
Aspectos nutricionales de los lípidos
(Eunate, 2024) Macarulla Arenaza, María Teresa; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Los lípidos son un grupo heterogéneo de moléculas que comparten las propiedades comunes de ser predominantemente hidrofóbicos, solubles en solventes orgánicos relativamente apolares (como cloroformo e hidrocarburos lineales), e insolubles en agua. Los lípidos varían en estructura desde simples cadenas cortas de hidrocarburo hasta moléculas más complejas, incluidos triacilgliceroles, fosfolípidos y esteroles y sus ésteres. Los lípidos dentro de cada clase pueden diferir en el número de átomos de carbono y dobles enlaces; la ramificación de la cadena hidrocarbonada; la posición y la orientación de los dobles enlaces; la adición de grupos polares como colina, inositol, etanolamina y glicosilación. Determinados lípidos participan en la formación de las membranas biológicas, constituyendo la envoltura de las células, y de los elementos subcelulares. Tales lípidos se presentan, por tanto, en casi todos los alimentos si bien en pequeñas cantidades, del orden del 2%. Los ácidos grasos son componentes comunes de los lípidos complejos y difieren según la longitud de la cadena y la presencia, número y posición de los dobles enlaces en la cadena hidrocarbonada. Generalmente, un ácido graso consta de una cadena lineal de un número par de átomos de carbono, con átomos de hidrógeno a lo largo de la cadena y en un extremo de la cadena y un grupo carboxilo (—COOH) en el otro extremo. Es ese grupo carboxilo el que lo convierte en un ácido (ácido carboxílico). Los ácidos grasos no se encuentran en estado libre en la naturaleza; comúnmente existen en combinación con glicerol (un alcohol) en forma de triacilglicéridos. La variación estructural entre lípidos complejos y entre ácidos grasos da lugar a diferencias funcionales que dan como resultado diferentes impactos sobre el metabolismo y sobre las respuestas de células y tejidos. Los ácidos grasos y los lípidos complejos exhiben una variedad de variaciones estructurales que influyen en su metabolismo y sus efectos funcionales.
Open Access
Physicochemical and sensory assessments in Spain and United States of PGI-certified Ternera de Navarra vs. Certified Angus Beef
(MDPI, 2021) Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Insausti Barrenetxea, Kizkitza; Ibáñez Moya, Francisco C.; Cord, Christine Leick; Carr, Tom R.; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
The physicochemical and sensory differences between the PGI-Certified Ternera de Navarra (CTNA) (Spanish origin) and Certified Angus Beef (CAB) (US origin) were assessed in Spain and the USA. To characterize the carcasses, the ribeye areas (REAs), and marbling levels were assessed in both testing places. Twenty striploins per certified beef program were used as study samples. For sensory analysis, the striploins were vacuum packaged and aged for 7 days at 4◦ C and 85% RH in each corresponding laboratory. Thereafter, the samples were half cut and frozen. One of the halves was shipped to the other counterpart-testing place. The fat and moisture percentage content, Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), and total and soluble collagen were tested for all the samples. The CAB carcasses had smaller REAs (p < 0.0001) and exhibited higher marbling levels (p < 0.0001). The CAB striploins had a higher fat content (p < 0.0001) and required lower WBSF (p < 0.05) than the CTNA samples. Trained panelists rated the CAB samples as juicer (p < 0.001), more tender/less tough (p < 0.0001), and more flavorful (p < 0.0001) than the CTNA counterparts. This study shows that beef from both countries had medium-high tenderness, juiciness, and beef flavor scores and very low off-flavor scores. Relevant differences found between the ratings assigned by the Spanish and the US panelists suggest training differences, or difficulties encountered in using the appropriate terminology for defining each sensory attribute. Furthermore, the lack of product knowledge (i.e., consumption habits) may have been another reason for such differences, despite the blind sensory evaluation.
Open Access
Indicators and recommendations for assessing sustainable healthy diets
(MDPI, 2021) Martínez Aldaya, Maite; Ibáñez Moya, Francisco C.; Domínguez-Lacueva, Paula; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Soret Lafraya, Beatriz; Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
Research coupling human nutrition and sustainability concerns is a rapidly developing field, which is essential to guide governments' policies. This critical and comprehensive review analyzes indicators and approaches to 'sustainable healthy diets' published in the literature since this discipline's emergence a few years ago, identifying robust gauges and highlighting the flaws of the most commonly used models. The reviewed studies largely focus on one or two domains such as greenhouse gas emissions or water use, while overlooking potential impact shifts to other sectors or resources. The present study covers a comprehensive set of indicators from the health, environmental and socio-economic viewpoints. This assessment concludes that in order to identify the best food option in sustainability assessments and nutrition analysis of diets, some aspects such as the classification and disaggregation of food groups, the impacts of the rates of local food consumption and seasonality, preservation methods, agrobiodiversity and organic food and different production systems, together with consequences for low-income countries, require further analysis and consideration.
Open Access
Aspectos nutricionales de los compuestos nitrogenados
(Eunate, 2024) Macarulla Arenaza, María Teresa; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
El nitrógeno (N) es esencial para la construcción de la vida ya que se utiliza para producir aminoácidos que a su vez producen proteínas, y es fundamental en la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos que forman el ADN y en ARN. El ser humano no puede utilizar el nitrógeno inspirado a través de la respiración (78% aire es nitrógeno) pero puede absorberlo a través de la dieta mediante el consumo de plantas o animales que han consumido vegetación rica en nitrógeno. Los compuestos nitrogenados de mayor interés nutricional básicamente están constituidos por aminoácidos, las llamadas bases nitrogenadas (púricas y pirimídicas) y un conjunto de moléculas que contienen grupos funcionales ácido o amino.
Open Access
Tenderness of PGI "Ternera de Navarra" beef samples determined by FTIR-MIR spectroscopy
(MDPI, 2022) Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Lozano Saiz, María; Echeverría Morrás, Jesús; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Insausti Barrenetxea, Kizkitza; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
Understanding meat quality attribute changes during ageing by using non-destructive techniques is an emergent pursuit in the agroindustry research field. Using beef certified samples from the protected geographical indication (PGI) “Ternera de Navarra”, the primary goal of this study was to use Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the middle infrared region (FTIR-MIR) as a tool for the examination of meat tenderness evolution throughout ageing. Samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle of twenty young bulls were aged for 4, 6, 11, or 18 days at 4 °C. Animal carcass classification and sample proximate analysis were performed to check sample homogeneity. Raw aged steaks were analyzed by FTIR-MIR spectroscopy (4000–400 cm−1) to record the vibrational spectrum. Texture profile analysis was performed using a multiple compression test (compression rates of 20%, 80%, and 100%). Compression values were found to decrease notably between the fourth and sixth day of ageing for the three compression rates studied. This tendency continued until the 18th day for C20. For C80 and C100, there was not a clear change in the 11th and 18th days of the study. Regarding FTIR-MIR as a prediction method, it achieved an R2 lower than 40%. Using principal component analysis (PCA) of the results, the whole spectrum fingerprint was used in the discrimination of the starting and final ageing days with correct maturing time classifications. Combining the PCA treatment together with the discriminant analysis of spectral data allowed us to differentiate the samples between the initial and the final ageing points, but it did not single out the intermediate points.
Open Access
Classification of beef longissimus thoracis muscle tenderness using hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics
(MDPI, 2022) León Ecay, Sara; López Maestresalas, Ainara; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Beriain Apesteguía, María José; Mendizábal Aizpuru, José Antonio; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Bass, Phillip D.; Colle, Michael J.; García, David; Romano Moreno, Miguel; Insausti Barrenetxea, Kizkitza; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Ingeniaritza; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Ingeniería; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate
Nowadays, the meat industry requires non-destructive, sustainable, and rapid methods that can provide objective and accurate quality assessment with little human intervention. Therefore, the present research aimed to create a model that can classify beef samples from longissimus thoracis muscle according to their tenderness degree based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI). In order to obtain different textures, two main strategies were used: (a) aging type (wet and dry aging with or without starters) and (b) aging times (0, 7, 13, 21, and 27 days). Categorization into two groups was carried out for further chemometric analysis, encompassing group 1 (ngroup1 = 30) with samples with WBSF < 53 N whereas group 2 (ngroup2 = 28) comprised samples with WBSF values 53 N. Then, classification models were created by applying the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method. The best results were achieved by combining the following pre-processing algorithms: 1st derivative + mean center, reaching 70.83% of correctly classified (CC) samples and 67.14% for cross validation (CV) and prediction, respectively. In general, it can be concluded that HSI technology combined with chemometrics has the potential to differentiate and classify meat samples according to their textural characteristics.
Open Access
Aspectos nutricionales de los carbohidratos
(Eunate, 2024) Macarulla Arenaza, María Teresa; Murillo Arbizu, María Teresa; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Los carbohidratos de los alimentos son macronutrientes que se encuentran en frutas, granos, verduras y productos lácteos. Estos compuestos orgánicos están presentes en los alimentos en forma de azúcares, almidones y fibras dietéticas y están compuestos de carbono, hidrógeno y oxígeno Cm(H2O)n. Terminológicamente, aunque se ha propuesto sustituir carbohidrato por sacárido o glúcido, dicho término ya está suficientemente aceptado en la literatura científica. Estas macromoléculas de amplio rango se pueden clasificar de acuerdo con su estructura química en tres grupos principales: mono- y disacáridos de bajo peso molecular (una o dos moléculas), oligosacáridos de peso molecular intermedio (de 3 a 9 moléculas de monosacáridos) y polisacáridos o glucanos de alto peso molecular (10 o más moléculas de monosacáridos). Estos últimos se subdividen, a su vez, en almidones (amilosa, amilopectina y almidón modificado) y en polisacáridos no amiláceos (celulosa, hemicelulosa y pectinas entre otros). Los carbohidratos también se pueden clasificar, dependiendo de la digestibilidad en el tracto gastrointestinal, en carbohidratos digeribles (mal llamados en la literatura carbohidratos disponibles) y no digeribles; éstos últimos forman parte de lo que se denomina fibra dietética. Desde el punto de vista nutricional, los glúcidos que se consideran más importantes son la glucosa, la fructosa, la galactosa y sus derivados. La mayoría de los monosacáridos naturales presentan configuración D4. Los enlaces que unen los azúcares se llaman enlaces glicosídicos donde se establece un enlace entre un grupo OH de un azúcar y el carbono anomérico de otro dando lugar a un enlace de tipo acetal. Los carbohidratos digeribles están formados por monosacáridos unidos fundamentalmente mediante enlace de tipo α(1→4) y α(1→6), mientras que los polisacáridos no digeribles están formados principalmente por enlaces del tipo β(1→6). Además, el organismo humano, sin considerar la microbiota digestiva, no posee el sistema enzimático capaz de hidrolizar las moléculas que forman parte de la fibra dietética.