Non-provitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids as immunomodulators: recommended dietary allowance, therapeutic index, or personalized nutrition?

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dc.contributor.authorToti, Elisabetta
dc.contributor.authorChen, Oliver
dc.contributor.authorPalmery, Maura
dc.contributor.authorVillaño Valencia, Débora
dc.contributor.authorPeluso, Ilaria
dc.contributor.departmentAgronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentaciónes_ES
dc.contributor.departmentAgronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikaduraeu
dc.contributor.departmentInstitute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOODen
dc.date.accessioned2024-04-02T13:03:18Z
dc.date.available2024-04-02T13:03:18Z
dc.date.issued2018
dc.date.updated2024-04-02T12:47:03Z
dc.description.abstractVegetables and fruits contain non-provitamin A (lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and provitamin A (β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene) carotenoids. Within these compounds, β-carotene has been extensively studied for its health benefits, but its supplementation at doses higher than recommended intakes induces adverse effects. β-Carotene is converted to retinoic acid (RA), a well-known immunomodulatory molecule. Human interventions suggest that β-carotene and lycopene at pharmacological doses affect immune functions after a depletion period of low carotenoid diet. However, these effects appear unrelated to carotenoids and retinol levels in plasma. Local production of RA in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, as well as the dependency of RA-induced effects on local inflammation, suggests that personalized nutrition/supplementation should be considered in the future. On the other hand, the differential effect of RA and lycopene on transforming growth factor-beta suggests that lycopene supplementation could improve immune functions without increasing risk for cancers. However, such preclinical evidence must be confirmed in human interventions before any recommendations can be made.en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationToti, E., Chen, C. Y. O., Palmery, M., Villaño-Valencia, D., Peluso, I. (2018) Non-provitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids as immunomodulators: recommended dietary allowance, therapeutic index, or personalized nutrition?. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4637861.en
dc.identifier.doi10.1155/2018/4637861
dc.identifier.issn1942-0900
dc.identifier.urihttps://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/47810
dc.language.isoengen
dc.publisherHindawien
dc.relation.ispartofOxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2018, 4637861, 1-20en
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4637861
dc.rights© 2018 Elisabetta Toti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.en
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectNon-provitamin A carotenoiden
dc.subjectProvitamin A carotenoiden
dc.subjectß-caroteneen
dc.titleNon-provitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids as immunomodulators: recommended dietary allowance, therapeutic index, or personalized nutrition?en
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryadfd76fd-4a8f-4510-991e-d614a266211d

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