International norms for adult handgrip strength: a systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions

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dc.contributor.authorTomkinson, Grant R.
dc.contributor.authorLang, Justin J.
dc.contributor.authorRubín, Lukáš
dc.contributor.authorMcGrath, Ryan
dc.contributor.authorGower, Bethany
dc.contributor.authorBoyle, Terry
dc.contributor.authorKlug, Marilyn G.
dc.contributor.authorMayhew, Alexandra J.
dc.contributor.authorBlake, Henry T.
dc.contributor.authorOrtega, Francisco B.
dc.contributor.authorCadenas-Sánchez, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorMagnussen, Costan G.
dc.contributor.authorFraser, Brooklyn J.
dc.contributor.authorKidokoro, Tetsuhiro
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Yang
dc.contributor.authorChristensen, Kaare
dc.contributor.authorLeong, Darryl P.
dc.contributor.authorInternational handGRIP Strength Group (iGRIPS)
dc.contributor.authorRamírez Vélez, Robinson
dc.contributor.departmentCiencias de la Saludes_ES
dc.contributor.departmentOsasun Zientziakeu
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-26T11:41:44Z
dc.date.available2025-03-26T11:41:44Z
dc.date.issued2024-12-06
dc.date.updated2025-03-26T11:17:25Z
dc.description.abstractBackground: Muscular strength is a powerful marker of current health status and robust predictor of age-related disease and disability. Handgrip strength (HGS) using isometric dynamometry is a convenient, feasible, and widely used method of assessing muscular strength among people of all ages. While adult HGS norms have been published for many countries, no study has yet synthesized available data to produce international norms. The objective of this study was to generate international sex- and age-specific norms for absolute and body size-normalized HGS across the adult lifespan. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in 6 databases/web search engines (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) up to December 1, 2023. We included full-text peer-reviewed observational studies that reported normative HGS data for adults aged ≥20 years by sex and age. Pseudo data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation following harmonization for methodological variation. Population-weighted Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to develop sex- and age-specific norms for absolute HGS (kg) and HGS normalized by height (Ht, m) squared (i.e., HGS/Ht2 in kg/m2). Norms were tabulated as percentile values (5th to 95th) and visualized as smoothed percentile curves. Results: We included data from 100 unique observational studies representing 2,405,863 adults (51.9% female) aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions tested from the year 2000 onward. On average, absolute and normalized HGS values negligibly improved throughout early adulthood, peaked from age 30–39 years (at 49.7 kg (males) and 29.7 kg (females) for absolute HGS or 16.3 kg/m2 (males) and 11.3 kg/m2 (females) for HGS/Ht2), and declined afterwards. The age-related decline in HGS accelerated from middle to late adulthood and was slightly larger for males than for females during middle adulthood. Conclusion: This study provides the world's largest and most geographically comprehensive international norms for adult HGS by sex and age. These norms have utility for global peer-comparisons, health screening, and surveillance.en
dc.description.sponsorshipWe would like to acknowledge the funding received by the following primary authors: CC-S is supported by European Union¿s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement (No.101028929). BJF is supported by National Heart Foundation of Australia Postdoctoral Fellowship (No. 106588). BG is supported by Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. DPL is supported by Clive Kearon Award, McMaster University.
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dc.format.mimetypeapplication/zipen
dc.identifier.citationTomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Rubín, L., McGrath, R., Gower, B., Boyle, T., Klug, M. G., Mayhew, A. J., Blake, H. T., Ortega, F. B., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Magnussen, C. G., Fraser, B. J., Kidokoro, T., Liu, Y., Christensen, K., Leong, D. P., iGRIPS (international handGRIP Strength) Group (2025). International norms for adult handgrip strength: a systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 14, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014
dc.identifier.issn2095-2546
dc.identifier.urihttps://academica-e.unavarra.es/handle/2454/53833
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Sport and Health Science (2025), vol. 14, 101014
dc.relation.projectIDinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/European Commission/Horizon 2020 Framework Programme/101028929/
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014
dc.rights© 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectAdulten
dc.subjectReference valuesen
dc.subjectHand strengthen
dc.subjectMass screeningen
dc.subjectPopulation healthen
dc.titleInternational norms for adult handgrip strength: a systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regionsen
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationeeecebce-3369-4e9a-8372-894379eeaa96
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationd0c2c11e-01d0-46ff-93b4-36b11beaf269
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryd0c2c11e-01d0-46ff-93b4-36b11beaf269

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