Worst expected ramp rates from cloud speed measurements

Large PV power ramp rates are of concern and sometimes even explicitly restricted by grid operators. Battery energy storage systems can smooth the power output and maintain ramp rates within permissible limits. To enable PV plant and energy storage systems design and planning, a method to estimate the largest expected ramps for a given location is proposed. Because clouds are the dominant source of PV power output variability, an analytical relationship between the worst expected ramp rates, cloud motion vectors, and the geometrical layout of the PV plant is developed. The ability of the proposed method to bracket actual ramp rates is assessed over 8 months under different meteorological conditions, demonstrating an average compliance rate of 96.9% for a 2 min evaluation time window.