Comunicaciones y ponencias de congresos ISC - ISC biltzarretako komunikazioak eta txostenak

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Open Access
Red de sensores de fibra óptica para la monitorización de nuevos sistemas de cerramientos aplicados en el sector de la construcción
(Sociedad Española de Optica, 2009) Unzu Ripoll, Ruth; Nazábal Urriza, Juan Antonio; Vargas Silva, Gustavo Adolfo; Hernández, Rufino; Fernández Valdivielso, Carlos; Urriza Ezcurra, Nuria; Galarza Galarza, Marko; Beloqui Eizaguirre, Garbiñe; Yoldi Bengoechea, Alberto; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Branchi, P.; Borquez, Lorena; López-Amo Sáinz, Manuel; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
En este trabajo se muestra la monitorización mediante una red de sensores de fibra óptica del cerramiento de una torre de comunicaciones compuesta por nuevos paneles con estructura tipo sándwich alveolar. La monitorización incluye medidas remotas y en tiempo real de 31 sensores de fibra óptica: 20 sensores deformación, 10 sensores de temperatura y un sensor de vibración.
Open Access
Partially coated long period fiber Bragg gratings in multicore optical fibers
(Optica, 2018) Barrera, David; Goicoechea Fernández, Javier; Madrigal, Javier; González Larequi, Marta; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Sales, Salvador; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Multicore optical fibers (MCFs) have attracted considerable interest in the last years due to their potential in many applications including broadband communications, microwave photonics, and optical sensing [1,2]. In optical sensing, MCFs has been used in the past for implementing curvature and shape sensors [3]. However, the potential of MCFs for optical sensing is not limited to mechanical sensors and they can be used for implementing other types of sensors. In this paper, we investigate the use of MCFs for external refractive index (RI) sensing. We use LPGs inscribed in the cores of the fiber to detect changes in the external refractive index. Partially coating the surface of the optical fiber we can modify the sensitivity of the cores.
Open Access
Liquid crystals in reconfigurable reflectarray antennas for sub-millimeter waves
(IEEE, 2024-08-21) Pérez Quintana, Dayan; Aguirre Gallego, Erik; Olariaga Jauregui, Eduardo; Kuznetsov, Sergei A.; Lapanik, Valeri I.; Sutormin, Vitaly S.; Zyryanov, Victor Ya; Marcotegui Iturmendi, José Antonio; Beruete Díaz, Miguel; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Accelerated technological progress responds to the dynamic evolution of wireless communication systems, fueled by the advent of 5G, the emergence of 6G, and the pervasive integration of the IoT paradigm. Smart antennas play a pivotal role in this advancement, facilitating electronic beam steering to meet escalating demands for enhanced bandwidth and elevated operating frequencies. The spotlight shifts to reconfigurable reflectarray antennas, gaining prominence over conventional phased arrays. Notably, liquid crystals (LCs) emerge as a promising avenue for creating electronically reconfigurable/switchable reflectarrays, specifically tailored for short millimeter and terahertz waves. LCs, as a unique aggregate state combining solid and liquid features, address current technology limitations. Their uniaxial nature and the ability to manipulate molecule orientation enable effective fine-tuning of dielectric permittivity without drawbacks present in existing technologies.
Open Access
Integration of wind and PV power in the spanish electric system using existing hydroelectric power
(IEEE, 2024-08-30) Garwa, Asheem; Pascual Miqueleiz, Julio María; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
This paper analyses the potential reduction of electric energy generated with fossil fuels with 40 GW of PV power and 40 GW of wind power in the existing Spanish electric system and its integration by making use of existing hydroelectric power and reserves with different levels of flexibility. We use 10-minute data for 2 years and we firstly assume that hydro power remains the same as originally, observing an already high reduction in fossil fuel use in the electric mix. Then we increasingly allow more flexibility in hydro power use, i.e., we allow to use hydro reserves with different time horizons, and we analyze the incremental reduction in fossil fuel generation as we increase this flexibility. We observe that we can obtain notable gains in terms of fossil fuel reduction when increasing flexibility just slightly showing how hydro power can integrate large amounts of variable renewable energy in Spain with only a small change in the reserves profile.
Open Access
Optimizing graphene oxide saturable absorbers for short pulse generation in fiber lasers: characterization and aging assessment
(SPIE, 2024-06-20) Monteiro, Catarina S.; Pérez Herrera, Rosa Ana; Silva, Nuno A.; Silva, Susana; Frazão, Orlando; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
The generation of short pulses in fiber lasers using saturable absorbers made of graphene oxide (GO), focusing on film thickness, was studied and optimized. The saturable absorber comprised a GO thin film deposited onto a single-mode fiber using the spray coating technique. Water-dispersed GO with a concentration of 4 mg/mL, characterized by a high proportion of monolayer flakes, was employed. This thin film was integrated into a cavity ring laser featuring an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), resulting in a fiber laser emitting at a central emission wavelength of approximately 1564 nm and having a total cavity length of approximately 120 m. By controlling intracavity polarization, short-pulsed light was generated through mode-locking, Q switching, or a combination of both regimes. This work presents a comprehensive characterization of the cavity ring laser operating under the mode-locking regime. It encompasses an analysis of the spectral behavior, focusing on the evolution of the Kelly¿s sidebands with increasing pump power, as well as an assessment of its temporal stability. Moreover, the effects of the aging of the saturable absorber material were studied after a time period of 6 months after the fabrication. It was observed that the general characteristics of spectral signal of the laser were maintained, with long-term stability.
Open Access
Detection of wind turbine gearbox oil degradation with etched single-mode multimode single-mode (SMS) fiber
(Optica, 2018) Del Villar, Ignacio; Goñi Carnicero, Jaime; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
The application of an etching process in a single-mode multimode single-mode (SMS) fiber allows monitoring the change of refractive index of wind turbine gearbox oil due to temperature and degradation. The SMS was designed for operating at short wavelengths, where the setup is less expensive
Open Access
Thin film coated D-shaped fiber regenerable biosensor
(Optica, 2020) Santano Rivero, Desiree; Ciáurriz Gortari, Paula; Tellechea Malda, Edurne; Zubiate Orzanco, Pablo; Socorro Leránoz, Abián Bentor; Del Villar, Ignacio; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
We present a novel covalent functionalization of a D-shape fiber biosensor based on Lossy Mode Resonances. IgG/anti-IgG model is applied to prove the regeneration of the union and thus the re-usability of the sensor.
Open Access
Optical gateway for intelligent buildings: a new open-up window to the optical fibre sensors market?
(SPIE, 2004-06-09) Fernández Valdivielso, Carlos; Matías Maestro, Ignacio; Arregui San Martín, Francisco Javier; Bariáin Aisa, Cándido; López-Amo Sáinz, Manuel; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
This paper presents the first optical fibre sensor gateway for integrating these special measurement devices in Home Automation Systems, concretely in those buildings that use the KNX European Intelligent Buildings Standard.
Open Access
Analysis of the active inertia power provided by grid-forming strategies during a RoCoF
(IEEE, 2024-08-30) Urtasun Salinas, Ibai; Urtasun Erburu, Andoni; Bautista Portillo, Guillermo Antonio; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA2024-11695
Power electronic-based generators are becoming increasingly prevalent in the electrical grid, necessitating their support in disturbances previously handled only by synchronous generators. One of the tests proposed by regulations is to evaluate the response of grid-forming inverters to a Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF). However, there is no detailed analysis of the effect of control parameters on the active inertia power. This article presents the temporal response equation of an inverter subject to a RoCoF and introduces the concept of equivalent inertia showing that it also depends on the damping factor. Thanks to this analysis and the flexibility of inverters, the parameter design of existing grid-forming strategies is proposed to achieve the desired active inertia power and system damping ratio. Theoretical analysis and control strategies have been validated by simulation.
Open Access
Impact of micro-cycles on the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries - EIS analysis
(IEEE, 2024-07-30) Nováková, Katerina; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Soto Cabria, Adrián; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Experimental studies of lithium-ion batteries are very often based only on deep charge and discharge cycles. However, these test profiles do not fully reflect the actual operation of the battery in an electric vehicle or in stationary applications, where the battery is not only loaded during the main charging and discharging profiles, but it is also stressed by the current throughput caused by renewable power fluctuations or by auxiliary services. These cycles, which are superimposed to the main charge and discharge processes and have a depth of discharge not exceeding 2%, are called micro-cycles. Although there are several simulation studies that attempt to capture this issue, there is still no comprehensive experimental study that has the phenomena that occur during micro-cycling. This paper presents an experimental analysis of micro-cycles, providing a detailed view of the different processes taking place in the battery during aging, by means of a detailed analysis of the results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). By studying the single electrochemical processes in detail, this paper explains the benefits of micro-cycling in terms of extending the lifetime of the battery.
Open Access
Diseño y captura de una base de datos para el reconocimiento de emociones minimizando sesgos
(CAEPIA, 2024) Jurío Munárriz, Aránzazu; Pascual Casas, Rubén; Domínguez Catena, Iris; Paternain Dallo, Daniel; Galar Idoate, Mikel; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertistate Publikoa; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
El reconocimiento de emociones a partir de expresiones faciales (FER) es un campo de investigación importante para la interacción persona-máquina. Sin embargo, los conjuntos de datos utilizados para entrenar modelos FER a menudo contienen sesgos demográficos que pueden conducir a la discriminación en el modelo final. En este trabajo, presentamos el diseño y la captura realizados para la creación de una nueva base de datos para FER, donde tratamos de minimizar los sesgos desde el propio diseño. La base de datos se ha creado utilizando diferentes métodos de captura. Para comprobar la reducción de los sesgos alcanzada, analizamos diferentes métricas de sesgo representacional y estereotípico sobre la base de datos generada y la comparamos frente a otras bases de datos estándar en la literatura de FER.
Open Access
Experimental characterization and aging analysis of commercial 18650 sodium-ion cells
(IEEE, 2024-08-30) Irujo Izcue, Elisa; Berrueta Irigoyen, Alberto; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA2023-11380
Extensive use of lithium-ion batteries and scarcity of lithium are leading to re-emergence of sodium-ion batteries as a promising candidate, side-by-side with LIBs, to cover increasing demand of energy storage systems. Thus, development and commercialization of SIBs have been recently accelerated. Scientific research on first commercialized cells has been published regarding its fundamental parameters, aging and thermal performance. However, SIBs still require experimental study to continue developing and maturing their technology. For that reason, this work presents an electrical characterization and aging analysis of a commercial 1.3 Ah 18650 SIB. Based on experimental results obtained, this contribution reveals energy efficiencies of around 92% and an open circuit voltage with a plateau at a SOC of 35%. Regarding aging, samples full cycled at 0.5C exhibit a capacity loss of 15% after 310 cycles and stored cells age at a speed of 0.01 %/day.
Embargo
Valorization of mining by-products for rammed Earth construction
(Springer, 2024-07-27) Martín Antunes, Miguel Ángel; Seco Meneses, Andrés; Perlot, Céline; McGregor, F.; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Mining and manufacturing produce large amounts of waste. One effective way for the valorization of many inert wastes or by-products from these industries is their use for the development of sustainable construction materials. This work analyzes the ability of different mix proportions of two by-products from mining, a mining clayed sludge, and a spent foundry sand, for the formulation of a by-products based rammed earth construction material. To achieve this objective an experimental laboratory campaign was developed. First, the physic-chemical properties of both by-products were measured, and the geotechnical properties of clayed sludge especially clay content and granulometry were evaluated. Then, these four by-product materials were combined to create three different combinations of soils with continuous granulometric curves, adequate for rammed earth construction, following the available literature. A Standard Proctor test was carried out to determine the optimum dry density and optimal water content of the mixes. Then, the mechanical strength was characterized by Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests. The proportions of the materials with higher bulk density show a direct relationship with the UCS values obtained. Water immersion was considered for the characterization of the durability of the developed material. During the durability test, the samples lost their integrity. This work shows the ability of these by-product mixes to produce even more sustainable rammed earth constructions with 100% of recycled constituents, achieving the mechanical strength requirement, not durability ones. Further investigations are required to improve this by-product made soil durability performance.
Open Access
Enabling anything to anything connectivity within urban environments towards cognitive frameworks
(IEEE, 2024-08-23) Picallo Guembe, Imanol; Klaina, Hicham; López Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, Leyre; Celaya Echarri, Mikel; Astrain Escola, José Javier; Villadangos Alonso, Jesús; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
The evolution from Smart Cities towards Cognitive Cities is enabled, among others, by the use of flexible and adaptive communication systems, capable of providing high levels of interactivity among multiple systems and users. In this work, wireless connectivity in full volumetric scale is analyzed, in order to provide wireless links between any device/user within the scenario, spanning to different applications from vehicular connectivity at different levels or infrastructure related communications, among others.
Open Access
Lithium-ion second-life batteries: aging modeling and experimental validation
(IEEE, 2024-08-30) Pérez Ibarrola, Ane; San Martín Biurrun, Idoia; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA2023-11380; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Re-utilizing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles reduces their environmental impact. To ensure their optimal sizing and safe use, identifying the current state of the battery and predicting its remaining useful life is essential. This work analyzes the degradation mechanisms involved and proposes an aging model that utilizes a semi-empirical approach to accurately reproduce the battery's state of health within a range of 75-45 %. Calendar aging includes dependencies on temperature and state of charge while cycling aging is modeled based on depth of discharge, medium SOC, temperature, and Crate. The model is validated against experimental data from 14 LMO/LNO cells previously used in actual Nissan Leaf vehicles and an RMSE bellow 2.5 % is achieved in every case.
Open Access
Development of a cognitive IoT-enabled Smart Campus
(IEEE, 2024-08-23) Picallo Guembe, Imanol; Klaina, Hicham; López Iturri, Peio; Azpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, Leyre; Celaya Echarri, Mikel; Astrain Escola, José Javier; Villadangos Alonso, Jesús; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Ciencias; Zientziak; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
The evolution from Smart to Cognitive Cities takes advantage, among others, of advanced communication technologies in order to increase interactivity levels. In this work, an analysis of wireless connectivity within the framework of a Smart Campus pilot at the Public University of Navarra in Spain is presented. By means of in-house implemented hybrid deterministic code, multiple wireless connectivity conditions with different operating frequencies are presented. The use of these tools provides accurate coverage/capacity analysis of large, complex scenarios, aiding in the design of network devices as well as overall network topology in order to optimize overall performance.
Open Access
Design and implementation of a PV installation to measure the optimal orientation of an horizontal single axis tracker under any radiation conditions
(IEEE, 2024-08-30) Arrubla Irigoyen, Mikel; García Solano, Miguel; Marroyo Palomo, Luis; García Gimeno, Íñigo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Traditional PV tracking systems aim to orient the surface of the modules as perpendicular as possible to the sun. However, in cloudy sky conditions, this tracking strategy does not maximize radiation capture. Some authors have attempted to quantify by simulation the radiation gain that would be obtained at various locations if the position of the modules were always optimal. However, there is no study in the state of the art that has experimentally measured this optimal position or the associated energy gain. This paper presents both a facility and a test specially designed to experimentally measure the optimal tilt angle of a Horizontal Single Axis Tracker (HSAT) oriented in the north-south direction, for any sky condition, and for both monofacial and bifacial PV modules. This facility will allow the experimental validation of theoretical optimal angle tracking models and calculations derived from them.
Open Access
Characterization of a hybrid Fabry-Pérot Cavity based on a four-bridge double-Y-shape-core microstructured fiber
(SPIE, 2014-06-02) Rodrigues Pinto, Ana Margarida; López Aldaba, Aitor; López-Amo Sáinz, Manuel; Frazão, Orlando; Santos, José Luís; Baptista, José Manuel; Baierl, Hardy; Auguste, Jean-Louis; Jamier, Raphael; Roy, Philippe; Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa eta Elektronikoa; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
In this work, a hybrid Fabry-Perot interferometer based on a novel four-bridge microstructured fiber is presented and characterized. The characterization of this cavity is performed in the L-band using two different instruments: an optical spectrum analyzer and an optical backscatter reflectometer. The Fabry-Perot output signal presents linear variation with temperature changes (sensitivity 9.8-11.9 pm/ºC), variation with the polarization states of light and high stability.
Open Access
On the impact of high-power grid-connected thyristor rectifiers on the efficiency of hydrogen electrolyzers
(IEEE, 2024-08-30) Iribarren Zabalegui, Álvaro; Barrios Rípodas, Ernesto; Rivera, Marco; Wheeler, Patrick; Sanchis Gúrpide, Pablo; Ursúa Rubio, Alfredo; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
This paper investigates the impact of power supply and dc current ripple on the efficiency of water electrolyzers and demonstrates that optimally sized thyristor rectifiers meeting grid power quality regulations can effectively supply high-power electrolyzers with minimal impact on electrolyzer efficiency. Firstly, an equivalent electrical model for the electrolyzer is developed, and the efficiency reduction caused by dc current ripple is analyzed. This is validated by means of experimental data from a 5-kW alkaline electrolyzer operated with both thyristor- and IGBT-based rectifiers. Next, the paper explores the operation of high-power electrolyzers supplied by 6- and 12-pulse thyristor rectifiers complying with grid power quality standards. Results show that with optimal sizing of ac-side source voltage and filtering inductances, these solutions exhibit negligible dc current ripple impact on electrolyzer efficiency. These findings, validated through simulation of a 5.5 MW electrolyzer, highlight the viability of thyristor rectifiers in high-power electrolysis applications, and emphasize the importance of an optimal power supply design and sizing for enhancing water electrolyzers' performance.
Open Access
Is time more important than distance to optimize freight delivery routes? An approach using the value of time
(Elsevier, 2024-02-23) Alvarez Indave, Pablo; Serrano Hernández, Adrián; Lerga Valencia, Iosu; Faulín Fajardo, Javier; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA26-2022
Traditional approaches to optimize freight delivery routes are based on minimizing a distance-based cost function. New approaches use also time as the objective function to minimize. However, the trade-off between time and distance is sometimes unclear. This paper presents a new approach to optimize delivery routes in which both time and distance are used together to optimize delivery routes. For this purpose, the operating cost of a vehicle and the value of time have been used to convert time and distance into monetary units. Through the study of three different networks in Spain with different level of detail (the region of Catalonia, the city of Barcelona, and the old part of Pamplona), the results have indicated that minimizing both time and distance provides better results than the traditional approach, especially at a local level where congestion effects are more relevant.