Comunicaciones y ponencias de congresos DING - INGS Biltzarretako komunikazioak eta txostenak

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Open Access
El agrocompostaje como solución basada en la naturaleza para el reciclaje de los residuos orgánicos: experiencia piloto con alumnado de FP
(Universidad Pública de Navarra, 2022) González Moreno, Miguel Ángel; García Gracianteparaluceta, Beñat; Prieto Cobo, Eduardo; Seco Meneses, Andrés; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua
Una Solución Basada en la Naturaleza (SBN) puede definirse como aquellas acciones en las cuales se emplean los principios de la naturaleza para dar solución a un problema medio ambiental. El compostaje se podría definir como esa solución natural para la transformación biológica de los residuos orgánicos en un producto de alto valor añadido denominado compost. Por lo tanto, esta técnica de reciclaje permite ‘cerrar el círculo’ en aplicación de una economía circular y contribuir en la lucha frente al cambio climático. Por primera vez en España, a través de la Comunidad Valenciana (ORDEN 4/2022, de 24 de marzo), se ha definido legalmente el agrocompostaje como todo aquel proceso de compostaje de subproductos y residuos procedentes de forma directa o indirecta de la actividad agrícola, ganadera y forestal, incluyendo como ingredientes exógenos a la explotación a aquellos materiales tradicionalmente usados para la actividad agrícola como estiércoles o, destríos y subproductos de la actividad trasformadora de los productos vegetales en el ámbito local y de autoconsumo. La presente comunicación pretende mostrar las conclusiones de la experiencia piloto de agrocompostaje realizada a través de un aprendizaje basado en un caso práctico con alumnado de un centro de formación profesional de la rama agraria desde dos puntos de vista: Por un lado, la parte puramente científico-técnica del proceso, dando a conocer los resultados obtenidos fruto del ensayo de agrocompostaje llevado a cabo con varios productos: subproductos agroindustriales de lavanda y lúpulo y residuos de café, en solitario y mezclados, en diversas proporciones de forma sistemática, con estiércol procedente de la explotación ganadera del propio centro educativo. Y por el otro, una parte más socioeducativa, queriendo mostrar desde un punto más 14 subjetivo, las vivencias, dificultades y preocupaciones del proceso de aprendizaje del alumnado mencionado como ‘maestros compostadores’ durante la duración del ensayo.
Open Access
AI training for application to industrial robotics: trajectory generation for neural network tuning
(Springer, 2023) Merino Olagüe, Mikel; Ibarrola Chamizo, Javier; Aginaga García, Jokin; Hualde Otamendi, Mikel; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
In the present work robot trajectories are generated and kinematically simulated. Different data (joint coordinates, end effector position and orientation, images, etc.) are obtained in order to train a neural network suited for applications in robotics. The neural network has the goal of automatically generating trajectories based on a set of images and coordinates. For this purpose, trajectories are designed in two separate sections which are conveniently connected using Bezier curves, ensuring continuity up to accelerations. In addition, among the possible trajectories that can be carried out due to the different configurations of the robot, the most suitable ones have been selected avoiding collisions and singularities. The designed algorithm can be used in multiple applications by adapting its different parameters.
Open Access
Aluminum coated fiber optic sensor for enhancing flow rate measurement
(SPIE, 2023) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Armando; Urroz Unzueta, José Carlos; Diéguez Elizondo, Pedro; Bravo Acha, Mikel; López-Amo Sáinz, Manuel; López Rodríguez, José Javier; Ingeniería; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
A water flow and velocity aluminum-coated Fiber Bragg Grating sensor system for open channels was designed, simulated and tested. The sensing head was designed, ruggedized and customized to measure velocities at different depths, in order to calculate the discharge in open channels. This paper shows, for the first time to our knowledge, the simulation of such kind of fiber sensors in open channels.
Open Access
Análisis de accidentes de trabajo mortales en España (2000-2020)
(Fundación Internacional ORP, 2022) Ríos Eraso, Alonso; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Los accidentes de trabajo mortales representan la consecuencia máxima del resultado de las estrategias, políticas y acciones de la integración de la seguridad en el trabajo contra la siniestralidad laboral. Este estudio aporta un análisis de los accidentes de trabajo mortales (excluidos los accidentes in itinere), con respecto al total de los accidentes laborales con baja ocurridos en España en el período 2000-2020, señalando las diferencias existentes por sectores de actividad económica, sexo, antigüedad en el puesto de trabajo, edad de los trabajadores, y entre las Comunidades Autónomas de España, para observar el resultado de la aplicación de la Ley 31/1995 de prevención de riesgos laborales, por la transposición de Directivas comunitarias al Derecho español, relativas a la aplicación de promover la mejora de la seguridad y de la salud de los trabajadores en el trabajo.
Open Access
Análisis de la siniestralidad por vuelco de tractor en el período 2017-2021
(Universidad de Sevilla, 2023) Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; Casuso, G.; Mangado Ederra, Jesús; López Maestresalas, Ainara; Arnal Atarés, Pedro; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
A pesar de los avances que se dan en el ámbito de la seguridad laboral en el sector agrario, los accidentes se siguen produciendo sin que mejore la situación. Los accidentes más graves, por el elevado número de muertos todos los años, son los debidos al vuelco del tractor. En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de la influencia de distintas variables continuas y discretas (tamaño de explotación, pendiente, superficie agrícola utilizada (SAU)/número de explotaciones y tipo de cultivo) sobre 63 accidentes graves y mortales sucedidos en España a causa del vuelco. Han destacado las relaciones de los accidentes con las variables pendiente, tamaño y tipo de cultivo, siendo las provincias con mayor tasa de accidentalidad aquellas con explotaciones más pequeñas, situadas en terrenos más escarpados y con cultivos leñosos. Las variables con mayor relación entre sí han sido la pendiente y el tamaño, a su vez con cierta conexión con el tipo de cultivo.
Open Access
Análisis de sensibilidad de los parámetros de configuración de un proceso de soldadura GMA
(AEIPRO, 2011) Villanueva Roldán, Pedro; Ibarra Murillo, Martín; Sanz García, Andrés; Lostado Lorza, Rubén; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
El proceso de soldadura GMA en la fabricación de componentes mecánicos es una técnica difícil de ajustar debido al elevado número variables de configuración necesarias. A pesar de ello, dicho proceso se ha aplicado con éxito en múltiples sectores a lo largo del siglo XX. El ajuste óptimo de las variables de configuración es una tarea complicada ya que las desviaciones producen un incremento en las tensiones y deformaciones residuales en la pieza resultante. En el presente trabajo, un análisis de sensibilidad fue realizado para determinar la influencia de cada uno de los parámetros de configuración del proceso y posteriormente, poder establecer un orden de importancia. Un caso práctico de la soldadura de dos placas de acero fue realizado para realizar una lectura de datos y aplicar el análisis de sensibilidad.
Open Access
Analysis of product shrinkage and waste in a potato bagging plant
(Dime University of Genoa, 2022) Sáenz Baños, Mercedes Irache; Latorre Biel, Juan Ignacio; Blanco Fernández, Julio; Martínez Cámara, Eduardo; Pérez de la Parte, P.; Jiménez Macías, Emilio; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
Nowadays, an average of 2 kg of waste per person are generated in Spain. Furthermore, the household consumption is rising and, as a consequence, the waste production is also increasing. This trend presents a direct impact in the environment. Moreover, after two years of COVID-19 pandemic, it has been detected a stronger rise in consumption per person, while consumption through professional commercial channels for hospitality industry has been lower. This paper analizes the waste generation and product shrinkage in a potato bagging plant, which addresses its production to both final consumers and retailers. The raw materials washing line, as well as the production line, are taken into consideration in the analysis, while new uses to the produced waste are proposed, aiming at providing new useful life, such as the production of bioplastics or the production of biodiesel. As a consequence, the environment impact is minimized and new products are obtained.
Open Access
Automatic detection of high-voltage power lines in LiDAR surveys using data mining techniques
(Springer, 2020) Chasco Hernández, Daniel; Sanz Delgado, José Antonio; García Morales, Víctor; Álvarez-Mozos, Jesús; Ingeniería; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Ingeniaritza; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika
The correct classification of power lines in LiDAR point clouds has attracted the interest of the mapping community in the last years. The objective of this research is the detection and automatic extraction of high-voltage transmission lines from LiDAR data using data mining techniques. With this aim, a Single Photon LiDAR (SPL) survey acquired over the region of Navarre (Spain) in 2017 was used, with a mean point density of 14 pt/m2. Different data mining techniques were evaluated, including decision trees (C4.5 and CART) and ensemble learning algorithms (Random Forests, Bagging and AdaBoost). Fifteen test sites were studied corresponding to areas with high-voltage power lines over different conditions regarding the underlying vegetation and topography. For these sites 92,104 LiDAR points were identified as power lines and more than 4M points as not power lines using existing cartography. This dataset was randomly split in train and test sets and then balanced two obtain a similar amount of data for the two classes. The results obtained show the importance of balancing the training data with improvements in accuracy of ~10% with respect to the imbalanced case. Accuracies higher than 87% were obtained in all balanced cases, with particularly successful results for ensemble learning techniques, being AdaBoost the technique with the highest accuracy 91%. These results suggest that the combination of SPL surveys and data mining tools can be successfully used for the operational mapping of high voltage power lines.
Open Access
Calculation of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) for traditional crops in Castilla y León, Spain
(Universidad Carlos III, 2022) Garrachón-Gómez, Elena; García Ruiz, Ignacio; García-Rodríguez, Ana; García-Rodríguez, Sol; Alonso-Tristán, Cristina; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in the Castilla y León region (Spain), approximately one-third of the land area is destined for this use. The role of agriculture in rural areas is essential from a territorial perspective, where rural depopulation is originating a crisis in the countryside. Moreover, climate change is having a major impact on agricultural productivity as a consequence, among others, of the increase in the frequency and the severity of extreme events, especially in Mediterranean regions [1]. For these reasons, it is essential to highlight the vision of agriculture as a multifunctional activity. Besides good management, productivity depends on many other factors, such as soil properties or climatic factors. A decisive climatic variable, which is often not considered in the planning and management of the crops, is the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), specifically, the Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation (IPAR). The main purpose of this study is to calculate and represent an estimation of IPAR values for the most characteristic crops of Castilla y León.
Open Access
Comparison of digital terrain models obtained with LiDAR and photogrammetry
(Springer, 2020) Martínez de Aguirre Escobar, Alejandro; García Morales, Víctor; Álvarez-Mozos, Jesús; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
Airborne LiDAR sensors capture three-dimensional information of the Earth, useful for obtaining high accuracy Digital Terrain Models (DTM). The Spanish National Plan for Aerial Orthophotography (PNOA) is an initiative of the Spanish Geographical Institute whereby nationwide LiDAR datasets are periodically acquired and made available to the public as.las files and value added products (e.g., DTM). The objective of this study is to assess the added value of PNOA LiDAR DTMs by comparing them to DTMs obtained through classical photogrammetric techniques. With this aim, four areas of interest were selected in Navarre (north of Spain), in areas with challenging characteristics such as forests, karst landforms, agricultural terraces and ravines. A 5 × 5 m DTM obtained with classical photogrammetry in 2008 was compared with a LiDAR DTM of the same pixel size obtained in 2011, assuming no significant changes occurred in this time. Height differences were evaluated, as well as slope, aspect and curvature differences. Besides, a multiresolution analysis was carried out to quantify how DTM smoothing affected height variations between neighbor pixels, measured with the standard deviation on a 5 × 5 window. The results obtained showed that the LiDAR DTMs provided an enhanced description of topography, particularly under forests and in areas with complex topography.
Open Access
Comprehensive analysis of rotor edgewise whirling mode interaction with rotor speed harmonics
(IOP Publishing, 2024) Torres Elizondo, Antonio; Gil Soto, Javier; Plaza Puértolas, Aitor; Aginaga García, Jokin; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
This paper presents a model that investigates the interaction between rotor edgewise whirling modes and rotor speed harmonics in wind turbines. The model is based on kinematic and dynamic principles, with a focus on the multi-blade coordinate transformation, which is critical for simulating the behaviour of the rotor whirling modes in wind turbines. The research has two objectives: to investigate the interaction between the rotor edgewise whirling modes and the rotor speed harmonics, and to provide clearer graphs that explain the complex nature of this non-intuitive rotor dynamics. The paper concludes by highlighting the practical implications of the research findings, in particular the effectiveness of visualisation techniques in identifying and explaining unexpected interactions.
Open Access
Computational investigation of the effect of the trailing edge thickness on the wind turbine performance
(IOP Publishing, 2024) Echenique, Daniel; Plaza Puértolas, Aitor; Gutiérrez Amo, Rubén; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
Trailing edge (TE) thickness is a manufacturing constraint in blade design, especially for airfoils with a sharp TE. To achieve a specific TE thickness, blade geometry is often modified during the design process, typically in the outer zone of the blade where the airfoil's TE is thinner. This area has a significant impact on energy production and loads. Quantifying the effect of TE thickness modifications is crucial for making informed design decisions. Therefore, this study quantifies and compares the impact of linear and polynomial geometry modifications on airfoil aerodynamics and turbine performance. Xfoil and OpenFAST were used to calculate these performance variations in the well-known NREL 5 MW wind turbine. The TE thickness of the model was modified to meet various manufacturing constraints, ranging from no restriction to a limit of 12mm TE thickness. In terms of the aerodynamic behavior of the airfoils, the maximum efficiency of airfoils with low relative thickness decreases as the TE thickness increases. Annual Energy Production shows a reduction of up to 0.42% for the worst case, while blade root loads increase by up to 20%. For low relative thickness airfoils, the linear method has proven to be a better option with less impact on performance.
Open Access
Contextualización al cambio climático en Navarra
(Gobierno de Navarra, 2023) González Moreno, Miguel Ángel; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
Ponencia realizada en la Jornada "Introducción a la adaptación al cambio climático en el sector agroforestal" celebrada el 23 de marzo de 2023.
Open Access
Convolutional neural networks for the detection of esca disease complex in asymptomatic grapevine leaves
(Springer, 2024-01-24) Carraro, Alberto; Saurio, Gaetano; López Maestresalas, Ainara; Scardapane, Simone; Marinello, Francesco; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
The Esca complex is a grapevine trunk disease that significantly threatens modern viticulture. The lack of effective control strategies and the intricacy of Esca disease manifestation render essential the identification of affected plants before symptoms become evident to the naked eye. This study applies Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to distinguish, at the pixel level, between healthy, asymptomatic and symptomatic grapevine leaves of a Tempranillo red-berried cultivar using Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the 900¿1700 nm spectral range. We show that a 1D CNN performs semantic image segmentation (SiS) with higher accuracy than PLS-DA, one of HSI data¿s most widely used classification algorithms.
Open Access
Coupling in multilayer devices
(2021) Jarauta Ayensa, Eduardo; Falcone Lanas, Francisco; Ingeniería; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza
Novel design for devices in multilayer stacked is proposed. Split Ring resonators and Complementary Split Ring resonators are used, in microstrip or dual stripline-microstrip configuration to build different devices. A double frequency resonator and a multilayer triplexer are presented among the paper.
Open Access
Crop type mapping based on Sentinel-1 backscatter time series
(IEEE, 2018) Arias Cuenca, María; Campo-Bescós, Miguel; Álvarez-Mozos, Jesús; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
The high revisit time of Sentinel-1 (S1) observations enables the design of crop type mapping approaches exploiting the backscatter time series observed for the different crops. The objective of this study is to propose a supervised crop classification methodology based on the temporal signature of crops. With this aim 29 dual-pol S1 observations acquired over an agricultural area of Spain, where ground truth was available, were processed. The classification approach was based on the temporal signatures obtained for each polarization channel (VH, VV and the cross-pol ratio) for the different crops. Highest accuracies were obtained when fields were assigned to the class that minimized the RMSE, with an overall accuracy of 79% and best results for rapeseed, sunflower, alfalfa and barley.
Open Access
Development of a water flow and velocity optical fiber sensor for field testing
(Optica Publishing Group, 2022) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Armando; Urroz Unzueta, José Carlos; Diéguez Elizondo, Pedro; Bravo Acha, Mikel; López-Amo Sáinz, Manuel; López Rodríguez, José Javier; Ingeniería; Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación; Institute of Smart Cities - ISC; Ingeniaritza; Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoaren eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritzaren
A water flow and velocity fiber optic sensor system was developed and tested. The sensing head was especially developed and ruggedized to measure velocities at different depths, in order to calculate the discharge in channels.
Open Access
A directivity correction for accurate semi-empirical wind turbine noise prediction
(IOP Publishing, 2024) Saldaña Barroso, Oier; Rautmann, C.; Plaza Puértolas, Aitor; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
Public acceptance of wind farms is a significant challenge in the development of wind energy. The acoustic impact generated by wind turbines is a common concern among local residents. The primary noise source in wind turbines is generated by aerodynamics. Atmospheric turbulence reaching the blade leading edge or turbulent boundary layer passing the trailing edge produce the main aeroacoustic sources. The noise generated by these mechanisms is commonly predicted by means of semi-empirical models, which do not demonstrate great reliability when compared to acoustic measurements. This paper presents a correction to the directivity of airfoil noise radiation, resulting in improved sound pressure levels on the ground plane surrounding a wind turbine. This improvement is achieved without requiring any additional computational effort. The sound pressure levels perceived on the ground plane are known to have asymmetrical shape. Maximum noise levels correspond to observers directly in the upwind and downwind locations, whereas the minimum levels belong to the positions close to the rotor plane. Said asymmetrical shape is not represented in the semi-empirical models. The proposed correction takes into consideration the airfoil thickness in the radiation directivity equations, resulting in the expected asymmetrical shape of noise footprints on the ground plane around a wind turbine. The correction was found to not affect the accuracy of the spectrum predicted by the semi-empirical models when compared to dedicated field measurements under the standard IEC 61400-11 procedure. When implementing the proposed correction, the virtual NREL 5 MW wind turbine's published noise footprints, which were originally calculated using computationally expensive methods, are accurately reproduced.
Open Access
Diseño de un mecanismo de propulsión para bicicleta capaz de almacenar y descargar energía mecánica producida por el usuario
(AEIPRO, 2013) Villanueva Roldán, Pedro; Corral Bobadilla, Marina; Lostado Lorza, Rubén; Illera Cueva, M.; Bona, J; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza
La energía eléctrica todavía proviene en su mayor parte de combustiones fósiles y soluciones no ecológicas. En este artículo se describe una alternativa a la bicicleta eléctrica. Se muestra el proceso de diseño de un dispositivo aplicable a una bicicleta, formado únicamente por elementos mecánicos siguiendo una moda retro o steampunk. Tiene por objetivo divertir al usuario, produciendo un estímulo directamente relacionado con la velocidad y el esfuerzo físico. Tanto el almacenamiento de energía, como la descarga de la misma, se produce a voluntad del usuario. Por un lado, una vez alcanzada una velocidad adecuada al gusto del usuario o cuando él así lo desee, da marcha atrás con los pedales cargando así el dispositivo. Por otro lado, mediante una palanca descargará la energía que ha acumulado previamente. El diseño del componente está basado en el diferencial utilizado en la dirección dentro del sector de automoción, así como en los engranajes dotados con resortes utilizados en los coches de juguete, los cuales almacenan energía al hacerlos rotar. El nuevo dispositivo combina estos elementos aplicando modificaciones en los mismos para que su efecto se adapte a los objetivos deseados.
Open Access
Early detection of Esca disease in grapevines using in-field hyperspectral proximal sensing
(Hellenic Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2025) López Maestresalas, Ainara; Ruiz de Gauna González, Jon; Jarén Ceballos, Carmen; León Ecay, Sara; Arazuri Garín, Silvia; Agronomía, Biotecnología y Alimentación; Agronomia, Bioteknologia eta Elikadura; Ingeniería; Ingeniaritza; Institute on Innovation and Sustainable Development in Food Chain - ISFOOD
Esca is one of the most destructive vine diseases in the world. It causes significant economic losses, mainly due to reduced grape yield and quality. Currently, the approved methods of controlling esca include preventive methods such as the use of fungicides on plant wounds or the use of planting systems that do not require intensive pruning, among others. It is therefore advisable to monitor the crop to identify those vines that are susceptible to the disease. For this reason, in this study a proximal hyperspectral camera was used for early detection of esca presence in asymptomatic grapevine leaves. Images of 11 vines of the Tempranillo variety grown in Etxauri (Navarre, Spain) were analysed. Hyperspectral images were acquired using a Specim IQ snapshot camera, mounted on a tripod, working in the range of 400¿1000 nm with a spectral resolution of 7 nm (204 bands), and an image resolution of 512 × 512 pixel including an RGB camera (5 Mpix). The images were taken under natural ambient light conditions on August 21, 2023. From the 11 vines selected, 9 showed visual symptoms of esca and the remaining 2 were asymptomatic to the naked eye. A total of 200 pixels were randomly selected from the dataset, 100 from asymptomatic leaves of asymptomatic vines (class 1) and 100 from asymptomatic leaves of symptomatic vines (class 2). Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to classify the leaves into the two classes. Classification rates of 97% were achieved in the cross-validation dataset. Models were externally validated at pixel-level using one image of an asymptomatic vine and another of a symptomatic vine. The visualisation of the images confirmed the correct classification of the pixels into the two classes, indicating that by using proximal hyperspectral sensing an early identification of the disease is possible.