Artículos de revista DE - ES Aldizkari artikuluak

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Open Access
Economic consequences of gender differences in behavior
(Elsevier, 2025-05-16) García-Segarra, Jaume; Hernández Arenaz, Íñigo; Rey-Biel, Pedro; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This paper serves as the opening for the Virtual Special Issue on the economic consequences of gender differences in behavior, published in the Journal of Economic Psychology. The issue aims to consolidate recent research exploring how gender differences in behavior, reflected in risk attitudes, competitiveness, and negotiation tendencies, impact economic outcomes and, in particular, may partially explain labor market differences across genders regarding occupational segregation, wage gaps, and disparities in career advancement. We provide an overview of the topic, highlighting the importance of understanding gender-specific economic behaviors and setting the stage for the detailed studies, and follow by introducing the articles included in the special issue, which use mainly experimental and empirical insights.
Open Access
Using pledges to improve the effectiveness of environmental information campaigns: the case of biowaste recycling
(National Academy of Sciences, 2025-05-02) Alonso-Paulí, Eduard; Balart, Pau; Ezquerra, Lara; Hernández Arenaz, Íñigo; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
Through a field study (N = 1,519) that uses a technology to record real-time data on waste sorting, we find that offering the opportunity to sign a pledge increases the effectiveness of an environmental campaign. With a timespan of over four years, the pledge increased waste sorting participation by 4.55 to 5.10 percentage points (SD = 0.1997). The effect is greater immediately after the campaign (around 9 to 10 pp during the first 15 wk), but it remains sizable and statistically significant 150 to 210 wk after signing (3.11 to 4.45 pp). Continue Reading
Open Access
The weakness of common job contacts
(2023) Ruiz-Palazuelos, Sofía; Espinosa, María Paz; Kovarik, Jaromir; Economía; Ekonomia
This paper identifies an ignored driver of labor market outcomes in Calvó-Armengol (2004): the presence of overlapping neighborhoods in people’s social networks, a stylized fact of real world networks. We prove that short network cycles induce stochastic affiliation in diffusion processes channeled by networks, generating diffusion inefficiencies in the transmission of job information with persistent consequences on employment, wages, and inequality within and across networked societies. In particular, they organize employment probabilities in the sense of the first-order stochastic dominance: people in close-knit neighborhoods exhibit worse labor-market outcomes, even if they have the same number of information providers and compete with the same number of people for vacancies.Such a finding implies that the results in Calvó-Armengol (2004) are generally only valid for tree networks. Since dense, overlapping neighborhoods is one aspect of strong relationships, our findings uncover an alternative mechanism behind the strength of weak ties (Granovetter, 1973). Furthermore, short network cycles reinforce spatial and temporal correlations in employment status, shaping labor-market transition rates and amplifying aggregate employment fluctuations.
Open Access
The critical role of the health-care sector in promoting employment for women and migrants in the EU. A multicountry input-output analysis
(Elsevier, 2025-02-26) Barba Areso, Izaskun; Iraizoz Apezteguia, Belén; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
A disproportionate concentration of women in low-pay and low-status sectors is a trend that has grown in significance with the globalization of production systems. For the health and social care sector, this has interesting socio-spatial implications, particularly in terms of immigration, the dimensions of which are worth investigating. This study employs the novel extended multiregional input-output FIGARO database to estimate the employment-generating capacity of the sector in the EU28, with a focus on the gender and geographic origin of its workers. The analysis takes into account both indirect and induced effects and considers both cross-country and cross-sectoral linkages. The findings identify the healthcare sector as a key source of employment for both national and immigrant women in more than half of EU countries. At the same time, this sector contributes to the earnings disadvantage experienced by women, which suggest that equality policies should consider the sectoral distribution of employment.
Embargo
The value of information in competitive markets: evidence from small and medium-sized enterprises
(The University of Chicago Press, 2024-11-12) Galdón Sánchez, José Enrique; Gil, Ricard; Uriz-Uharte, Guillermo; Economía; Ekonomia
We empirically investigate how the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) changes when gaining access to market information. To do so, we evaluate the impact of an information program diffused by a bank among its SME customers. Adopting firms gained access to reports with rich information about their own clientele and that of nearby establishments. While we find that adoption is associated with a 4.5% revenue increase, our instrumental variable results indicate that adoption increases revenue by 9%. The main mechanism driving our result is that the new information prompted adopting establishments to target gender-age customer groups underserved before adoption.
Open Access
Water for whom?: unravelling the allocation of water storage capacity between irrigation and electricity uses in Spain during the 20th century
(Sociedad Española de Historia Agraria, SEHA, 2024-12-01) Bartolomé-Rodríguez, María Isabel; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Sesma Martín, Diego; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
Esta investigación examina la complejidad de la relación entre la asignación de recursos hídricos, la generación de energía y el regadío en España. Esta tarea se acomete tras el examen de la evolución del marco regulatorio de la asignación de recursos hidráulicos e introduciendo un enfoque novedoso para cuantificar los usos del agua. Por vez primera, se descompone la categoría de usos mixtos, que corresponde a la mayoría de los embalses de propiedad pública, gracias a la información disponible sobre las entidades que disponen no de la propiedad sino de las concesiones de agua. Nuestros resultados revelan el significativo peso de las compañías eléctricas privadas en la gestión de los recursos hidráulicos, pese a la prevalencia de la propiedad pública de las infraestructuras. La hegemonía hidroeléctrica en la asignación del agua contribuye a hacer patente la complejidad de la relación entre la propiedad pública y la gestión privada de las infraestructuras por parte de las compañías eléctricas. Finalmente, la contribución a una mejor comprensión de la singularidad histórica de la gobernanza del agua en España apuntala la necesidad de consideraciones más matizadas en el terreno de políticas que conciernen las relaciones entre agricultura y energía.
Open Access
Voting equilibria and public funding of political parties
(Springer, 2024-09-30) Correa Lopera, Guadalupe; Moreno, Bernardo; Economía; Ekonomia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA2023-11403
Direct public funding to political parties exists in most OECD countries and its allocation is executed on the basis of two principles: (i) proportional to the votes (or alternatively the number of seats), and (ii) equal distribution. We consider a situation in which there are two scenarios and two policies, where the optimal policy for each scenario is different. We study which policy is implemented when public political funding is introduced and voters are uncertain about the realized scenario. First, when the goal is to implement the optimal policy, we find that direct public funding to political parties is necessary if voters are more likely to be right than wrong about the scenario. Second, we characterize all equilibria based on voters' beliefs, the amount of money proportionally allocated, and the parties' preferences over the pairs scenario-policy and being in office.
Open Access
Bordering dynamics in sports among Spanish and French border regions
(Taylor & Francis, 2024-10-17) Lera López, Fernando; Rapún Gárate, Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
The role that sports play in cross-border cooperation still remains unclear and under-researched. This paper aims to address this gap by conducting a qualitative study on the impact of basketball and hiking/mountaineering on cross-border cooperation in the New Aquitaine, Basque Country, and Navarre (NAEN) Euroregion. The research identified some significant barriers to enhancing cross-border sports cooperation, primarily associated with regional and national sports legislation and structure. However, the evidence also revealed a lack of information among sports agents regarding opportunities for cross-border sports participation. Also, we present some differences in terms of border cooperation for each sport analyzed. Some policy implications are suggested to increase cross-border cooperation in sports, focusing on creating networks for shared information and establishing clear roles and responsibilities among sports agents to enhance cooperation. These changes should precede the development of targeted logistical and financial support for sports activities in these border regions.
Open Access
The power of persuasion: exploring the relationship between advertising and nuclear energy in Spain
(Emerald, 2024-12-09) Aramendia Muneta, María Elena; Rubio Varas, María del Mar; Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Economía; Ekonomia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA2023–11931
Purpose: this study aims to examine how the nuclear energy issue was used for advertising purposes at the dawn of the atomic era in Spain. Design/methodology/approach: newspapers and magazines from the atomic era were reviewed to assess the impact of nuclear energy on advertising campaigns for all kinds of unrelated products. This study interprets the message and information contained in several marketing campaigns from the detonation of the first nuclear bomb in 1945 until the inauguration of the first nuclear facility in Spain in 1968. Findings: private companies leapt at the chance to use the new technology, with its promises of a brighter future, to promote their products, including watches, Venetian blinds, anisette, chocolates, pencils and fountain pens, spa resorts, books and encyclopaedias, laundry detergents, pressure cookers, concentrate feeds and hair restorers. This study makes a major contribution to the history of marketing literature, focusing on nuclear energy as an influential agent in industry, advertising agencies and popular culture. It shows how advertising campaigns used terms such as 'nuclear', 'atomic' and 'atomic bomb' and images of mushroom clouds or atom symbols to denote modernity and allure and explores how government policies - in this case, concerning nuclear energy - can influence marketers and advertisers. Originality/value: the paper's originality stems from its analysis of Spanish advertisements to explore marketing history through the terms and imagery associated with nuclear energy and its industry. It further contributes to the understanding of how nuclear energy is represented and conceptualised for various purposes in popular culture.
Open Access
Prenatal care, son preference, and the sex ratio at birth
(Duke University Press, 2025-02-05) Echavarri, Rebeca; Beltrán Tapia, Francisco J.; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in Spain jumped abruptly in the late 1970s and temporarily reached values of more than 109 boys per 100 girls in the early 1980s. This article shows that health care system expansion increased the likelihood of male births in Spain between 1975 and 1995. By facilitating the delivery of preterm and dystocic babies and improving overall maternal conditions, these developments increased the survival chances of male fetuses, who are biologically weaker than females. However, biological factors alone cannot explain the biased SRB. Our analysis shows that the availability of prenatal sex determination technologies and a strong son preference nurtured by the Francoist dictatorship fostered gender-biased behaviors that resulted in an excessively high SRB. The lack of evidence on sex-specific abortions suggests that women took better care of themselves when carrying a son. The spread of gender-egalitarian values brought about by the end of the dictatorship and the transition to democracy undermined son preference and returned the SRB to normal levels.
Open Access
Measuring job risks when hedonic wage models do not do the job
(Elsevier, 2025-01-10) Ferreira, Susana; Martínez de Morentin, Sara; Erro Garcés, Amaya; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía; Ekonomia
The theory of compensating differentials predicts that wages should compensate for differences in job characteristics, including the risk of death on the job. Empirically estimating these compensating differentials in real-world labor markets has, however, proven difficult. This paper explores the potential of job satisfaction regressions as an additional valuation approach to estimate the tradeoffs between wages and job amenities along the wage-amenity frontier. In this approach, job satisfaction scores act as a proxy for utility at work, and can be used to directly estimate the tradeoffs between wages and amenities at the job taken by the worker. Conventional hedonic wage regressions with data on thirty-five thousand workers across thirty European countries show limited evidence that European workers facing larger job risks and other workplace disamenities receive higher wages. On the other hand, using the same data, workers who perceive their jobs to be riskier, are absent more days from work due to work accidents, or are exposed to worse conditions at their workplace are less satisfied with their jobs, ceteris paribus, revealing a negative valuation of those job disamenities.
Open Access
A novel test of economic convergence in time series
(Springer, 2025-01-03) Hualde Bilbao, Javier; Olmo, José; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This paper proposes a novel test for the hypothesis of economic convergence. We extend the standard definition of convergence based on the parity condition and say that two economies converge if the time series of economic output are positively cointegrated and cotrended. With this definition in place, our main contribution is to propose a test of positive cointegration that does not require estimation of the cointegrating relationship, but is able to differentiate between positive and negative cointegration. Once the possibility of positive cointegration is established in a first stage, we test for cotrending in a second stage. Our sequential proposal enjoys an excellent performance in small samples due to the fast convergence of our novel test statistic under positive cointegration. This is illustrated in a simulation exercise where we report clear evidence showing the outperformance of our proposed method compared to existing methods in the related literature that test for economic convergence using cointegration methods. The results are particularly strong for sample sizes between 25 and 50 observations. The empirical application testing for economic convergence between the G7 group of countries over the period 1990–2022 confirms these findings.
Open Access
Asymmetric single-peaked preferences
(Walter de Gruyter, 2012) Puy Segura, M. Socorro; Martínez Mora, Francisco de Asís; Economía; Ekonomia
The asymmetry of single-peaked preferences has scarcely been incorporated as an assumption in economic models. We analyze how to deal with asymmetric single-peaked preferences in a tractable way. We define natural types of asymmetries, provide the tools to compare degrees of asymmetry, and propose concrete utility functions that represent different directions and degrees of asymmetry. As an application, we provide a representative voter theorem which establishes the heterogeneity in degrees of asymmetry across agents that is compatible with the median being the representative voter.
Open Access
How the relationship between physical activity and health changes with age
(Springer, 2018-03-28) Lera López, Fernando; Ollo López, Andrea; Garrués Irisarri, Mirian; Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Sánchez Iriso, Eduardo; Economía; Ekonomia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa
In the context of age-related declines in physical activity (PA) and the dramatic increase in ageing populations in many countries, this paper sheds further light on the link between PA and self-perceived health (SPH) by examining whether the magnitude of this relationship is age specific. With a sample of 14,456 Spanish individuals aged 18–69, we estimated three levels of intensity in PA using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Individuals who did more PA per week showed higher levels of SPH (β = 0.28; 95% CI 0.24–0.32), and age moderated this relationship, with a positive effect over age 49. People aged 50–59 and 60–69 who practiced PA had higher probabilities of better SPH compared with those aged 40–49 (β = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04–0.24) and (β = 0.32; 95% CI 0.21–0.43), respectively. This association between PA and SPH also depended on the intensity of PA, especially for walking (β = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04–0.24). In particular, in comparison with people age 40–49, a statistically significant relationship with SPH was found among people age 50–59 who walked (β = 0.22; 95% CI 0.07–0.36) and people age 60–69 who did moderate PA (β = 0.38; 95% CI 0.23–0.54). This paper provides a major rationale for the design, organisation and implementation of public policies promoting PA and healthy ageing for different age groups.
Open Access
Is passive sport engagement positively associated with happiness?
(Wiley, 2020-10-06) Lera López, Fernando; Ollo López, Andrea; Sánchez-Santos, José Manuel; Economía; Ekonomia; Gestión de Empresas; Enpresen Kudeaketa; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
Background: Previous empirical evidence has shown the positive relationship between happiness or subjective well-being (SWB) and sport participation. Nevertheless, passive sport participation has traditionally been ignored as a correlate with happiness. Methods: Based on a sample of 1,632 Spanish people, one ordered probit model and three extended ordered probit models with an ordinal endogenous covariate technique and robust standard errors were applied. Results: We find that different forms of passive sport participation, such as frequency of attending sporting events and a set of other forms of passive sports participation such aswatching sports on TV, listening to sports programmes, reading sports news, and talking to others about sports, are positively associated with happiness. Conclusions: The results indicate that passive sport participation generally appears to have a closer relationship with individual happiness than active sport participation and emphasise the role played by some forms of sport participation as a source of relational goods. This current research extends the field's understanding of sport participation and happiness, including passive participation, and the relevance of social interactions to account for this association. Finally, the relational aspect of different forms of sport participation offers new implications for the analysis of sport engagement and happiness.
Open Access
Parálisis cerebral: nuevos retos en la era de las enfermedades raras
(Gobierno de Navarra, 2023-04-09) Aguilera Albesa, Sergio; Nova Díaz, Diana Marcela; Aznal Sáinz, Elena; Economía; Ekonomia; Ciencias de la Salud; Osasun Zientziak
Artículo editorial, que enuncia la importancia del proyecto EPCINA (Estudios de Parálisis Cerebral en Navarra: Evaluación económica, estudio de coste de la enfermedad), el cual se realiza entre el grupo de economía de la salud y el Hospital Universitaria de Navarra.
Open Access
Education and gender bias in the sex ratio at birth: evidence from India
(Duke University Press, 2010-02-01) Echavarri, Rebeca; Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This article investigates the possible existence of a nonlinear link between female disadvantage in natality and education. To this end, we devise a theoretical model based on the key role of social interaction in explaining people¿s acquisition of preferences, which justifies the existence of a nonmonotonic relationship between female disadvantage in natality and education. The empirical validity of the proposed model is examined for the case of India, using district-level data. In this context, our econometric analysis pays particular attention to the role of spatial dependence to avoid any potential problems of misspecification. The results confirm that the relationship between the sex ratio at birth and education in India follows an inverted U-shape. This finding is robust to the inclusion of additional explanatory variables in the analysis, and to the choice of the spatial weight matrix used to quantify the spatial interdependence between the sample districts.
Open Access
Sex-selective abortions and fatal neglect of young girls
(Springer, 2024-12-31) Echavarri, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
A significant portion of female neonatal, infant and child mortality could be avoided. These girls form part of the phenomenon known as missing women. Previous literature has examined whether families that prevent unwanted (female) pregnancies from reaching term provide greater care to the surviving daughters, but it reports mixed results. An avenue that has received limited attention is the possibility that explicit discrimination against girls legitimates otherwise non-realized behaviors, leading to additional fatal neglect. This paper contributes to the literature, going a step further in the causal identification of aggregate prenatal discrimination effects on postnatal discrimination by comparing the survival outcomes of brothers and sisters who were exposed to different levels of prenatal discrimination around the time of their births. The sample of siblings is reconstructed from the birth history of women in the Indian National Family Health Survey (2016-2017). Prenatal discrimination is measured by the male to female sex ratio at birth (SRB), computed by backward induction from the Census of India (2011). Results show that the greater the difference between the SRB in the birthyears of sisters and the SRB in the birthyears of brothers, the greater the difference in mortality between sisters and brothers. This finding lends support to the idea that prenatal discrimination legitimized otherwise latent discrimination. Furthermore, the excess female mortality associated with this mechanism is found in rural areas, but not in urban ones, and this relationship is more intense for infant girls born in high parities and therefore more likely to belong to families that did not resort to sex-selective abortions to control family sex-composition. This paper contributes to the problematization of the intertwining dimensions of discrimination, providing a better understanding of the missing women phenomenon.
Open Access
The determinants and electoral consequences of asymmetric preferences
(Elsevier, 2013-12-05) Martínez Mora, Francisco de Asís; Puy Segura, M. Socorro; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
This paper studies two widely used models of political competition - citizen-candidate and probabilistic voting - to investigate the impact that asymmetries in single-peaked preferences have on two-party electoral competition. In a two-candidate equilibrium of the citizen-candidate model, asymmetries determine which candidate proposes a more moderate platform. In the probabilistic voting model, they induce both parties to move their platforms in the direction of the asymmetry, and affect the probabilities of victory of the contenders, sometimes in unexpected ways: under a restriction on party preferences, more overprovision avoidance increases the probability of victory of the party proposing a larger public sector and vice versa. The final part of the analysis shows that consumers' risk aversion, prudence and a decreasingly effective government induce overprovision avoidance asymmetries, whereas consumers' risk neutrality, a constant-effective government and a property we call decreasing satiation induce shortfall avoidance asymmetries.
Open Access
Neonatal discrimination and excess female mortality in childhood in Spain in the first half of the twentieth century
(Springer, 2021-03-09) Echavarri, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE
The abnormally high sex ratio at birth (SRB) is a demographic outcome that appears in several countries in Asia and Africa and results from sex-based discrimination. Whether or not neonatal discrimination was a widespread response to socioeconomic demands during the demographic transition in Europe remains an open question. To address this concern, this paper exploits the exogenous increase in the cost of child rearing caused by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Using random discontinuity techniques, a sharp and statistically signifcant increase in SRB appears with the war. This fnding provides an opportunity to examine a challenging concern: whether neonatal discrimination fosters or reduces the discrimination sufered by girls in childhood. To examine the multiplier efects of discrimination, the paper investigates the potential role that women’s bargaining power could play in preventing the functioning of the transmission mechanism. To that end, the paper exploits historical geographical diferences in women’s bargaining power that were inherent to the predominant kinship system in Spanish provinces (stem vs. nuclear). The results show that an increase of one standard deviation in the interaction term between gender and SRB led, on average, to a 9% points increase in under-fve mortality in nuclear provinces. However, this positive relationship is not found in stem provinces, where women had greater bargaining power. The paper points out that policies aimed at creating a more egalitarian legal framework may fail if they are not accompanied by actions aimed at afecting beliefs and preferences for equality in society.