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Publication Open Access Self-perceived quality of life by institutionalised adults with cerebral palsy in Spain(Elsevier, 2024) Nova Díaz, Diana Marcela; Errea Rodríguez, María; Cabasés Hita, Juan Manuel; Sánchez Iriso, Eduardo; Economía; Ekonomia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertisitate PublikoaObjetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida autopercibida de adultos con parálisis cerebral institucionalizados e identificar los factores que influyen en su bienestar, incluyendo características sociodemográficas, clínicas y diagnósticas, así como el grado de institucionalización. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando la Escala de Calidad de Vida de San Martín en adultos con parálisis cerebral. Los datos se recogieron en 2021 y 2022 en una muestra de adultos con parálisis cerebral de Navarra, España. ˜ Se utilizó regresión multivariante para explorar la relación entre la calidad de vida y diversos factores influyentes. Resultados: La dimensión de autodeterminación influyó positivamente en las puntuaciones de calidad de vida, en tanto que la dimensión de inclusión social tuvo el efecto contrario. Los análisis descriptivos y de regresión revelaron que factores como residir fuera de la ciudad y un alto grado de dependencia influían negativamente en la calidad de vida, mientras que el grado de institucionalización tenía un impacto positivo. Conclusiones: Es importante destacar los efectos positivos del grado de institucionalización sobre la rehabilitación y el bienestar, ya que este busca potenciar la autonomía y la integración social, cuando se habla de modelos de institucionalización centrados en el paciente.Publication Open Access Challenges of wealth-based sustainability metrics: a critical appraisal(Elsevier, 2024) McLaughlin, Eoin; Ducoing Ruiz, Cristián; Hanley, Nick; Economía; EkonomiaThere has been widespread debate about whether the way in which we measure economic activity is fit for purpose in the twenty-first century. One aspect of this debate is to move away from measuring a nation’s income (GDP) towards monitoring a nation’s assets (their inclusive wealth), as a better indicator of sustainable economic development. We provide the first critical comparison of the approaches of leading international organisations – the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) – to estimating changes in wealth. Our paper reveals important inconsistencies in how these organisations measure sustainability and the conflicting messages that policy makers receive, despite a common underlying conceptual framework linking changes in a nation’s wealth to future well-being. We attribute these differences to methodological (applied theory) choices made by researchers at the respective institutions. These choices matter. At the most extreme, countries that perform the worst according to the UNEP are shown to perform well according to the World Bank. This confusion in signals makes better policy making more difficult.Publication Open Access Pioneering a sustainable development goals monitoring framework for european regions(Elsevier, 2024) Lella, Ludovica; Osés Eraso, Nuria; Stamos, Iraklis; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEThe adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by the United Nations General Assembly, encompassing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), established a universal framework for addressing global challenges. Within the European Union (EU), the commitment to these goals has prompted the integration of the SDGs into a strategic framework for sustainable and inclusive growth. Recognizing the need for localized and detailed monitoring to capture the nuanced progress and challenges across Europe’s diverse regions, this paper proposes a comprehensive set of regional indicators specifically designed for the European context. Through a systematic review of existing SDG monitoring frameworks at different territorial levels and an extensive methodological process, the paper identifies 116 indicators that address 75 SDG targets. This tailored set is derived from a combination of national, regional, and supranational sources. The paper discusses the critical balance between standardization for comparability and customization to accommodate unique regional characteristics. The proposed indicator set is evaluated for its capacity to reflect the holistic vision of the SDGs while allowing for effective regional benchmarking. The research emphasizes the need for robust regional data infrastructure, the importance of aligning policies with broader sustainability objectives, and the dynamic nature of indicators that can adapt to societal changes such as demographic shifts. Finally, the paper highlights the significance of a pragmatic and adaptive regional approach to SDG monitoring. The proposed indicator set is a strategic tool for policymakers, stakeholders, and practitioners, guiding Europe’s regions towards a sustainable future and contributing to the global effort to achieve the SDGs by 2030.Publication Open Access La práctica dual público-privada en la sanidad española: ¿solución o problema? Informe SESPAS 2024(Ajuntament. Area de Sanitat, 2024) García Prado, Ariadna; González, Paula; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEEl sistema sanitario público español está saturado. Como consecuencia de ello, los profesionales sanitarios muestran síntomas de burnout o desgaste profesional, y la sanidad privada está creciendo más que nunca. Con las numerosas huelgas del colectivo médico se ha revelado la necesidad de que mejoren sus condiciones laborales y económicas, así como su frustración al no poder dedicar el tiempo y la calidad necesaria a los pacientes. Ante esta situación, la respuesta institucional en la mayoría de las comunidades autónomas ha sido suprimir la cláusula de exclusividad que garantizaba un sueldo mayor a cambio de la plena dedicación de los médicos al sector público, pero manteniendo el pago extra. Promover la práctica dual público-privada de los médicos permite que estos tengan más ingresos, pero plantea otras muchas cuestiones que intentamos analizar en este artículo, en el que también discutimos sobre otras medidas y reformas necesarias y urgentes, de mayor calado, que deberían ser abordadas por el gobierno para revertir esta situación tan crítica de nuestro sistema sanitario.Publication Open Access Clearing the smog ceiling: the impact of women’s political empowerment on air quality in European regions(Elsevier, 2024) Ríos, Vicente; Barba Areso, Izaskun; Gianmoena, Lisa; Pascual Arzoz, Pedro; Economía; EkonomiaThis study explores the impact of female political empowerment on air quality outcomes. Women's stronger environmental concerns and pro-environmental behaviors may lead to better air quality as they progressively break the glass ceiling in politics. To test this hypothesis, we employ a novel data set on regional air pollutant emissions and women's political empowerment for a sample of 230 European regions of 27 EU countries. We apply instrumental variables and partial identification methods to ensure that our results are not influenced by confounding variables. We find that female political empowerment is consistently associated with improved air quality.Publication Open Access Implementing direct democracy via representation(Elsevier, 2024) Correa Lopera, Guadalupe; Economía; Ekonomia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaToday, several social movements in western democracies argue that traditional representative democracy has failed to adequately represent the will of the 'people', and instead support direct democracy as the only political system to restore the will of the majority. We analyze under what conditions the policy - a vector of decisions on every issue - implemented by the winner of a bipartisan electoral competition coincides with the policy that citizens would choose by means of direct democracy. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for this equivalence to hold, implying that, as long as at least one of them is not fulfilled, a divergence of outcomes between direct and representative democracy arises. The first condition requires that the outcome of majority voting issue-by-issue is the Condorcet winner relative to the voters' preference profile over the set of policies. The second requires that either that outcome is the preferred policy for at least one of the candidates, or that candidates¿ preferred policies differ on every single issue. We reinterpret some findings in the literature in the light of our model and present them as potential reasons why the equivalence between direct and representative democracy may fail.Publication Open Access Orígenes y trayectoria de la industria de combustible nuclear en España: ENUSA, 1972-2022(Asociación Española de Historia Económica, 2024) Sánchez Sánchez, Esther M.; López García, Santiago M.; Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Economía; EkonomiaEl objetivo de este artículo es examinar el despliegue de la fabricación industrial de combustible nuclear en España, una actividad altamente especializada ligada a la Empresa Nacional del Uranio SA (ENUSA) y al suministro de tecnología extranjera (Westinghouse y General Electric). ENUSA surgió, a iniciativa del Gobierno y con el apoyo del sector privado, para satisfacer las necesidades de combustible de un programa nuclear tremendamente ambicioso, que luego se redujo a una cuarta parte de lo previsto. Tras algunos años de incertidumbre, la empresa pública logró superar con éxito las dificultades derivadas de la reconversión industrial y el cambio en la política energética del Gobierno, llegando al siglo xxi como una compañía no meramente super-viviente, sino líder en su sector de actividad: su planta de Juzbado (Salamanca) se ha convertido en un referente tecnológico e industrial, con amplias externalidades geográficas y sectoriales. En definitiva, a partir un amplio abanico de fuentes mayoritariamente de origen archivístico, trataremos de reconstruir los orígenes de ENUSA y de buscar en el pasado las razones de su posición actual.Publication Open Access Valuing the contribution of sport volunteering to subjective wellbeing: evidence from eight European countries(Frontiers Media, 2024) Kokolakakis, Themis; Schoemaker, Jelle; Lera López, Fernando; Boer, Willem de; Čingienė, Vilma; Papić, Alma; Ahlert, Gerd; Economía; EkonomiaIntroduction: Volunteering is a prominent and integral aspect of the activities undertaken by sports clubs in Europe. However, even with its growing importance, quantifying the monetary worth of this nonmarket activity, in terms of wellbeing, can present certain difficulties. Traditional approaches to valuing volunteering (i.e., replacement and opportunity cost approaches) do not fully capture the value of volunteering to individuals, as they do not consider the intangible benefits that individuals may derive from their participation. Methods: This research provides added value to the monetisation of volunteering in sport by applying the wellbeing valuation approach (WVA) for the first time to a cross-sectional data in eight European countries. A double instrumental variable approach was developed to correct for unobservable variables that may influence the pairs: income and subjective wellbeing (SWB), and volunteering and SWB. This allows to estimate the causal impact of volunteering and income on SWB more accurately and assign a reasonable monetary value to this non-market activity. Results: The results, based on a sample size of 1,091, show an income compensation for a volunteer, devoting on average 8.7 hours during a four-week period of €16 to €50 per hour, equivalent to between € 1,700 and € 5,200 per year, depending on the nationality of the volunteer. Discussion: With these estimations insights into the value of volunteering in sports are provided, contributing to a better understanding of how this activity can be valued and supported. By recognising and accurately valuing the contributions of volunteers, sport organizations and policymakers can develop more effective strategies for promoting and supporting volunteering in sports.Publication Open Access Breaking free? The evolution of intra-Asian trade at the dawn of globalization (1795-1839)(Wiley, 2024) Ayuso Díaz, Alejandro; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Economía; Ekonomia; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaThis article contributes to the scholarly discourse on the repercussions of trade liberalization in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that contributed to early globalization, offering a perspective that extends beyond the traditional focus on Atlantic economies. Our study centres on East and Southeast Asia, pivotal in Pacific and Indian Ocean trade. We overcome data scarcity by presenting a new, partner-disaggregated imports dataset spanning 10 ports across the region from 1795 to 1839. Employing a gravity model and incorporating interactions, we assess the degree of intra-Asian trade and its evolution following key events that liberalized East and Southeast Asian commerce in a period when measurable global integration started to become apparent. Supporting new Asian scholarship, our results highlight the remarkable intra-Asian trade before the high colonial era. We also show that, in general, colonial trade policies fostering inter-continental trade disproportionately augmented colonial imports in East and Southeast Asia, eclipsing gains in intra-Asian or Pacific trade, especially before 1830. We explore the impact of the influx of British textiles in the region as a mechanism to explain these trends. Our study illuminates complex trade dynamics in East and Southeast Asia during a transformative period of measurable global integration.Publication Open Access Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of the ball-and-socket trapeziometacarpal prosthesis compared to trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial(BMC, 2024) Lirola-Palmero, Serafín; Salva-Coll, Guillem; Yáñez-Juan, Aina María; Sánchez Iriso, Eduardo; Economía; EkonomiaBackground: Trapeziometacarpal (TMC) osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of pain and weakness during thumb pinch leading to disability. There is no consensus about the best surgical treatment in unresponsive cases. The treatment is associated with costs and the recovery may take up to 1 year after surgery depending on the procedure. No randomized controlled trials have been conducted comparing ball and socket TMC prosthesis to trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction. Methods: A randomized, blinded, parallel-group superiority clinical trial comparing trapeziectomy with abductor pollicis longus (APL) arthroplasty and prosthetic replacement with Maïa® prosthesis. Patients, 18 years old and older, with a clinical diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral TMC OA who fulfll the trial’s eligibility criteria will be invited to participate. The diagnosis will be made by experienced hand surgeons based on symptoms, clinical history, physical examination, and complementary imaging tests. A total of 106 patients who provide informed consent will be randomly assigned to treatment with APL arthroplasty and prosthetic replacement with Maïa® prosthesis. The participants will complete diferent questionnaires including EuroQuol 5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L), the Quick DASH, and the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) at baseline, at 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after surgical treatment. The participants will undergo physical examination, range of motion assessment, and strength measure every appointment. The trial’s primary outcome variable is the change in the visual analog scale (VAS) from baseline to 12 months. A long-term follow-up analysis will be performed every year for 5 years to assess chronic changes and prosthesis survival rate. The costs will be calculated from the provider’s and society perspective using direct and indirect medical costs. Discussion: This is the frst randomized study that investigates the efectiveness and cost-utility of trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction arthroplasty and Maïa prosthesis. We expect the fndings from this trial to lead to new insights into the surgical approach to TMC OA. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04562753. Registered on June 15, 2020.Publication Open Access One guild, two merchants, and common property: a social capital crisis in textile manufacturing during the 18th century(Universitat de Barcelona, 2024) Lana Berasain, José Miguel; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEUn estudio de caso sobre el gremio de pelaires de la ciudad de Estella-Lizarra (Navarra) entre los siglos XVI y XIX sirve para discutir algunos juicios emitidos sobre estas instituciones de acción colectiva, en particular, su caracterización como monopolio. Se propone complementar el tradicional enfoque desde fuera, que toma al gremio como un agente unitario, con una perspectiva desde dentro, que permita observar las tensiones entre el interés del colectivo y el de los individuos que lo componen. Se toma como eje del relato el manejo colectivo de los bienes comunes (batán y tinte) hasta su pérdida en 1758, así como las relaciones con el capital mercantil, encarnado en un gran prestamista y una nueva fábrica. La crisis de este gremio tuvo su origen en las dificultades inherentes a la gestión financiera comunitaria y en la pérdida de capital social.Publication Open Access The impact of oil shocks on the stock market(Elsevier, 2024) Castro Rozo, César Augusto; Jiménez Rodríguez, Rebeca; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEThis paper investigates the reaction of real stock returns and their volatility in the three main euro area economies (France, Germany and Italy), the U.K. and the U.S. to oil price changes caused by different shocks in the supply-side and demand-side of the global crude oil market, including the shock on the demand for oil inventories. Our findings suggest that the impact of oil supply and aggregate demand shocks on real stock returns and volatility are not altered when oil inventories are explicitly considered in the modeling of global crude oil market. However, the effects of oil-specific demand shocks on real stock returns are modified by the inclusion of oil inventories in the model, stressing the importance of the uncertainty channel in the link between the oil and stock markets. Finally, oil inventory shocks have a negative impact at medium time horizons on real stock returns, as the surge in the price of oil causes depletion of inventories.Publication Open Access Solidarity to achieve stability(Elsevier, 2024) Alcalde Unzu, Jorge; Gallo, Oihane; Iñarra, Elena; Moreno Ternero, Juan D.; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa, PJUPNA2023-11403Agents may form coalitions. Each coalition shares its endowment among its agents by applying a sharing rule. The sharing rule induces a coalition formation problem by assuming that agents rank coalitions according to the allocation they obtain in the corresponding sharing problem. We characterize the sharing rules that induce a class of stable coalition formation problems as those that satisfy a natural axiom that formalizes the principle of solidarity. Thus, solidarity becomes a sufficient condition to achieve stability.Publication Open Access ENUSA y los orígenes de la fabricación de combustible nuclear en España(Publicaciones DYNA, 2023) Sánchez Sánchez, Esther M.; López García, Santiago M.; Torre Campo, Joseba de la; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEEl objetivo de este artículo es explorar los orígenes de la fabricación industrial de combustible nuclear en España. Fundada en 1972 para gestionar de manera centralizada el ciclo del combustible nuclear, la Empresa Nacional del Uranio SA (ENUSA) acordó con las multinacionales americanas Westinghouse y General Electric la cesión de licencias y asistencia técnica para fabricar elementos combustibles destinados a reactores de agua ligera (en sus dos variantes, PWR y BWR). Esta es la única fase del ciclo del uranio que conserva hoy ENUSA (planta de Juzbado, Salamanca). Pese a la crisis energética actual y la incertidumbre de la opción nuclear, la empresa ha celebrado su 50 aniversario en un momento de éxito, resultado de su importante actividad exportadora y tecnológica en los campos nuclear, logístico y medioambiental.Publication Open Access Sunlight, culture and state capacity(Wiley, 2023) Ezcurra Orayen, Roberto; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBE; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate PublikoaThis paper examines the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) on state capacity. The results indicate that the intensity of UV-R is a strong predictor of cross-country differences in state capacity. Countries with a higher degree of UV-R exposure tend on average to have weaker states. This finding remains unaffected after controlling for different variables that may be correlated with both UV-R and state capacity, including an extensive set of geographical, historical and contemporary factors. The observed link between sunlight and state capacity is not driven by potential outliers and is robust to the employment of alternative measures of state capacity, estimation methods and other sensitivity checks. Furthermore, the analysis also reveals that the individualistic-collectivist dimension of culture acts as a transmission channel connecting UV-R and state capacity. The estimates show that a lower degree of UV-R exposure leads to the adoption of individualistic values, which in turn contribute to the development of state capacity.Publication Open Access An evolutionary model of prenatal and postnatal discrimination against females(Elsevier, 2020) Alcalde Unzu, Jorge; Echávarri Aguinaga, Rebeca; Husillos Carques, Francisco Javier; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEDiscrimination against born and unborn females is a well-documented phenomenon in countries such as India, China, Taiwan or Korea. Empirical studies support both additive and substitutive relationships between prenatal and postnatal discriminatory practices against females. We introduce a theoretical evolutionary model that endogenizes the preference for sons in a society, and consequently, can explain why one type of relationship or the other emerges in a society.Publication Open Access Sistema fiscal y redistribución: La transición fiscal española (1960-1990)(Universidad de Valparaiso, 2016) Torregrosa Hetland, Sara; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBELa tesis analiza el sistema fiscal español entre los años 1960 y 1990, con especial atención a sus efectos en la distribución de la renta. Se abordan las reformas que tuvieron lugar durante la transición a la democracia, aportando una evaluación cuantitativa consistente de los cambios. A causa de la larga dictadura sufrida por el país entre 1936/39 y 1976, España introdujo las ideas fiscales del siglo XX con considerable retraso respecto de sus vecinos, manteniendo largamente un sistema de impuestos bajos, regresivos e ineficientes. Con el retorno de la democracia, diversas leyes de reforma fiscal pretendieron hacer el sistema más progresivo y capaz de generar mayores ingresos públicos, para la financiación de un incipiente Estado del Bienestar. El principio de progresividad, sin embargo, tuvo una aplicación práctica limitada. Los cálculos de la tesis lo muestran así, estimando la distribución resultante de la carga fiscal, la persistencia en las desigualdades de renta, y el fuerte impacto del fraude en la imposición personal. La interpretación ofrecida se sitúa entre el legado de la dictadura en la configuración del régimen parlamentario y el nuevo contexto económico, que combinaba la ralentización del crecimiento con una mayor apertura y movilidad internacional del capital.Publication Open Access Sticky income inequality in the Spanish transition (1973-1990)(Cambridge University Press, 2016) Torregrosa Hetland, Sara; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEEste artículo analiza la evolución de la desigualdad de rentas en España durante la transición a la democracia, proponiendo un método para corregir la infra-declaración de ingresos en las Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares. La contribución es doble: la metodología, basada en la discrepancia entre rentas y gastos y en el ajuste a Contabilidad Nacional, puede ser de utilidad para fuentes históricas similares en otros países. En segundo lugar, su aplicación resulta en una interpretación alternativa en este caso, al cambiar los niveles de desigualdad y también la tendencia observada. Si la literatura anterior había tratado de una sustancial mejora en la distribución, vinculada a la democracia, tras el ajuste efectuado la desigualdad en la renta disponible se muestra bastante persistente.Publication Open Access Did democracy bring redistribution? Insights from the Spanish tax system, 1960-90(Oxford University Press, 2015) Torregrosa Hetland, Sara; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBEThe relationship between democracy, inequality, and redistribution has inspired extensive research, but consensus is still elusive. In order to contribute to this discussion, the author analyzes the Spanish case, where transition to democracy was accompanied by a comprehensive tax reform, aiming at increasing progressivity and revenue. But how effectively did it change the distribution of the tax burden? Was there a “fiscal revolution”? The results show that persistent regressivity (albeit decreasing) exacerbated income inequality, failing to attain convergence with more developed countries. The joint effect of the fiscal system, however, was slightly positive due to progressive social spending.Publication Open Access More integrated than ever? Long-term market and policy drivers of intra-Asian trade(Institute for International Economics, Sejong University, 2023) Ayuso Díaz, Alejandro; Gómez Gómez-Plana, Antonio; Economía; Ekonomia; Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics - INARBESince the Doha Round stalemate after 2001, trade liberalization has progressed through regional trade agreements (RTAs) and East and Southeast Asia is not unfamiliar with this. Before assessing the effectiveness of recent trade agreements, the long tradition of trade exchange in this region that has lasted for more than 2,000 years necessitates an understanding of the evolution of intra-Asian trade across history. In this regard, this study contributes to the literature examining whether present intra-Asian trade is more or less intense than before 1938. This research outperforms previous studies using a gravity model that controls for changes in GDP and trade costs in the region across four different time periods (between 1840 and 2018). The results show that contemporary regional trade in East and Southeast Asia is slightly less intense than before World War II. A second question addressed is the relevance of trade agreements after the 1985 Plaza Accord on trade integration, compared with market determinants. A second gravity model for regional imports after 1986 is regressed on both policy and market indicators, indicating that the latest wave of intra-Asian trade is characterized by trade complementarities that are fueled by regional foreign direct investment, and free trade agreements are less effective. This result is validated through a network analysis demonstrating the symbiosis between trade and investment flows in the region, which should be considered in RTAs that are in place or in negotiation to take intra-Asian trade beyond its historical limits.