Open Access
Uniform convergent expansions of integral transforms
(American Mathematical Society, 2021) López García, José Luis; Palacios Herrero, Pablo; Pagola Martínez, Pedro Jesús; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
Several convergent expansions are available for most of the special functions of the mathematical physics, as well as some asymptotic expansions [NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, 2010]. Usually, both type of expansions are given in terms of elementary functions; the convergent expansions provide a good approximation for small values of a certain variable, whereas the asymptotic expansions provide a good approximation for large values of that variable. Also, quite often, those expansions are not uniform: the convergent expansions fail for large values of the variable and the asymptotic expansions fail for small values. In recent papers [Bujanda & all, 2018-2019] we have designed new expansions of certain special functions, given in terms of elementary functions, that are uniform in certain variables, providing good approximations of those special functions in large regions of the variables, in particular for large and small values of the variables. The technique used in [Bujanda & all, 2018-2019] is based on a suitable integral representation of the special function. In this paper we face the problem of designing a general theory of uniform approximations of special functions based on their integral representations. Then, we consider the following integral transform of a function g(t) with kernel h(t, z), F(z) := 1 0 h(t, z)g(t)dt. We require for the function h(t, z) to be uniformly bounded for z ∈D⊂ C by a function H(t) integrable in t ∈ [0, 1], and for the function g(t) to be analytic in an open region Ω that contains the open interval (0, 1). Then, we derive expansions of F(z) in terms of the moments of the function h, M[h(·, z), n] := 1 0 h(t, z)tndt, that are uniformly convergent for z ∈ D. The convergence of the expansion is of exponential order O(a−n), a > 1, when [0, 1] ∈ Ω and of power order O(n−b), b > 0, when [0, 1] ∈/ Ω. Most of the special functions F(z) having an integral representation may be cast in this form, possibly after an appropriate change of the integration variable. Then, special interest has the case when the moments M[h(·, z), n] are elementary functions of z, because in that case the uniformly convergent expansion derived for F(z) is given in terms of elementary functions. We illustrate the theory with several examples of special functions different from those considered in [Bujanda & all, 2018-2019].
Open Access
A simplification of the stationary phase method: application to the Anger and Weber functions
(Kent State University, 2017) López García, José Luis; Matematika eta Informatika Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Matemática e Informática; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
The main difficulty in the practical use of the stationary phase method in asymptotic expansions of integrals is originated by a change of variables. The coefficients of the asymptotic expansion are the coefficients of the Taylor expansion of a certain function implicitly defined by that change of variables. In general, this function is not explicitly known, and then the computation of those coefficients is cumbersome. Using the factorization of the exponential factor used in previous works of [Tricomi, 1950], [Erdélyi and Wyman, 1963], and [Dingle, 1973], we obtain a variant of the method that avoids that change of variables and simplifies the computations. On the one hand, the calculation of the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion is remarkably simpler and explicit. On the other hand, the asymptotic sequence is as simple as in the standard stationary phase method: inverse powers of the asymptotic variable. New asymptotic expansions of the Anger and Weber functions Jλx(x) and Eλx(x) for large positive x and real parameter λ 6= 0 are given as an illustration.
Embargo
Convergent and asymptotic expansions of the displacement elastodynamic integral in terms of known functions
(Elsevier, 2025-05-01) Ferreira González, Chelo; López García, José Luis; Pérez Sinusía, Ester; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
The integral [Formula presented] plays an essential role in the study of several phenomena in the theory of elastodynamics (Ceballos and Prato, 2014). But an exact evaluation of this integral in terms of known functions is not possible. In this paper, we derive an analytic representation of this integral in the form of convergent series of elementary functions and hypergeometric functions. This series have an asymptotic character for either, small values of the variable s, or for small values of the variables r and R. It is derived by using the asymptotic technique designed in Lopez (2008) for Mellin convolution integrals. Some numerical experiments show the accuracy of the approximation supplied by the first few terms of the expansion.
Open Access
Convergent expansions of the confluent hypergeometric functions in terms of elementary functions
(American Mathematical Society, 2018) Bujanda Cirauqui, Blanca; López García, José Luis; Pagola Martínez, Pedro Jesús; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We consider the confluent hypergeometric function M(a, b; z) for z ∈ C and Rb >Ra > 0, and the confluent hypergeometric function U(a, b; z) for b ∈ C, Ra > 0, and Rz > 0. We derive two convergent expansions of M(a, b; z); one of them in terms of incomplete gamma functions γ(a, z) and another one in terms of rational functions of ez and z. We also derive a convergent expansion of U(a, b; z) in terms of incomplete gamma functions γ(a, z) and Γ(a, z). The expansions of M(a, b; z) hold uniformly in either Rz ≥ 0 or Rz ≤ 0; the expansion of U(a, b; z) holds uniformly in Rz > 0. The accuracy of the approximations is illustrated by means of some numerical experiments.
Open Access
On a modifcation of Olver's method: a special case
(Springer US, 2016) Ferreira González, Chelo; López García, José Luis; Pérez Sinusía, Ester; Ingeniería Matemática e Informática; Matematika eta Informatika Ingeniaritza
We consider the asymptotic method designed by Olver (Asymptotics and special functions. Academic Press, New York, 1974) for linear differential equations of the second order containing a large (asymptotic) parameter : xm y −2 y = g(x)y, with m ∈ Z and g continuous. Olver studies in detail the cases m = 2, especially the cases m = 0, ±1, giving the Poincaré-type asymptotic expansions of two independent solutions of the equation. The case m = 2 is different, as the behavior of the solutions for large is not of exponential type, but of power type. In this case, Olver’s theory does not give many details. We consider here the special case m = 2. We propose two different techniques to handle the problem: (1) a modification of Olver’s method that replaces the role of the exponential approximations by power approximations, and (2) the transformation of the differential problem into a fixed point problem from which we construct an asymptotic sequence of functions that converges to the unique solution of the problem. Moreover, we show that this second technique may also be applied to nonlinear differential equations with a large parameter.
Open Access
Convergent and asymptotic methods for second-order difference equations with a large parameter
(Springer, 2018) Ferreira González, Chelo; López García, José Luis; Pérez Sinusía, Ester; Matematika eta Informatika Ingeniaritza; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Ingeniería Matemática e Informática; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
We consider the second-order linear difference equation y(n+2)−2ay(n+1)−Λ2y(n)=g(n)y(n)+f(n)y(n+1) , where Λ is a large complex parameter, a≥0 and g and f are sequences of complex numbers. Two methods are proposed to find the asymptotic behavior for large |Λ|of the solutions of this equation: (i) an iterative method based on a fixed point method and (ii) a discrete version of Olver’s method for second-order linear differential equations. Both methods provide an asymptotic expansion of every solution of this equation. The expansion given by the first method is also convergent and may be applied to nonlinear problems. Bounds for the remainders are also given. We illustrate the accuracy of both methods for the modified Bessel functions and the associated Legendre functions of the first kind.
Open Access
A generalization of the Laplace's method for integrals
(Elsevier, 2024-08-05) López García, José Luis; Pagola Martínez, Pedro Jesús; Palacios Herrero, Pablo; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Universidad Publica de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In López, Pagola and Perez (2009) we introduced a modification of the Laplace's method for deriving asymptotic expansions of Laplace integrals which simplifies the computations, giving explicit formulas for the coefficients of the expansion. On the other hand, motivated by the approximation of special functions with two asymptotic parameters, Nemes has generalized Laplace's method by considering Laplace integrals with two asymptotic parameters of a different asymptotic order. Nemes considers a linear dependence of the phase function on the two asymptotic parameters. In this paper, we investigate if the simplifying ideas introduced in López, Pagola and Perez (2009) for Laplace integrals with one large parameter may be also applied to the more general Laplace integrals considered in Nemes's theory. We show in this paper that the answer is yes, but moreover, we show that those simplifying ideas can be applied to more general Laplace integrals where the phase function depends on the large variable in a more general way, not necessarily in a linear form. We derive new asymptotic expansions for this more general kind of integrals with simple and explicit formulas for the coefficients of the expansion. Our theory can be applied to special functions with two or more large parameters of a different asymptotic order. We give some examples of special functions that illustrate the theory.
Open Access
An extension of the multiple Erdélyi-Kober operator and representations of the generalized hypergeometric functions
(De Gruyter, 2018) Karp, D. B.; López García, José Luis; Ingeniería Matemática e Informática; Matematika eta Informatika Ingeniaritza; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In this paper we investigate the extension of the multiple Erd elyi-Kober fractional integral operator of Kiryakova to arbitrary complex values of parameters by the way of regularization. The regularization involves derivatives of the function in question and the integration with respect to a kernel expressed in terms of special case of Meijer's G function. An action of the regularized multiple Erd elyi-Kober operator on some simple kernels leads to decomposition formulas for the generalized hypergeometric functions. In the ultimate section, we de ne an alternative regularization better suited for representing the Bessel type generalized hypergeometric function p􀀀1Fp. A particular case of this regularization is then used to identify some new facts about the positivity and reality of zeros of this function.
Open Access
New recurrence relations for several classical families of polynomials
(Taylor and Francis, 2021) Ferreira González, Chelo; López García, José Luis; Pérez Sinusía, Ester; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Universidad Pública de Navarra / Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa
In this paper, we derive new recurrence relations for the following families of polynomials: nörlund polynomials, generalized Bernoulli polynomials, generalized Euler polynomials, Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind, Buchholz polynomials, generalized Bessel polynomials and generalized Apostol–Euler polynomials. The recurrence relations are derived from a differential equation of first order and a Cauchy integral representation obtained from the generating function of these polynomials.
Open Access
The Pearcey integral in the highly oscillatory region II
(Elsevier, 2025-08-01) Ferreira González, Chelo; López García, José Luis; Pérez Sinusía, Ester; Estadística, Informática y Matemáticas; Estatistika, Informatika eta Matematika; Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics - INAMAT2
We consider the Pearcey integral P(x, y) for large values of |x| and bounded values of |y|. The standard saddle point analysis is difficult to apply because the Pearcey integral is highly oscillating in this region. To overcome this problem we use the modified saddle point method introduced in López et al. (2009). A complete asymptotic analysis is possible with this method, and we derive a complete asymptotic expansion of P(x, y) for large |x|, accompanied by the exact location of the Stokes lines. There are two Stokes lines that divide the complex x−plane in two different sectors in which P(x, y) behaves differently when |x| is large. The asymptotic approximation is the sum of two asymptotic series whose terms are elementary functions of x and y. Both of them are of Poincaré type; one of them is given in terms of inverse powers of x; the other one in terms of inverse powers of x 1/2 , and it is multiplied by an exponential factor that behaves differently in the two mentioned sectors. Some numerical experiments illustrate the accuracy of the approximation.